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Dáil Éireann debate -
Thursday, 18 Nov 2004

Vol. 592 No. 5

Other Questions.

Food Labelling.

Fergus O'Dowd

Question:

6 Mr. O’Dowd asked the Minister for Agriculture and Food the measures she intends to take to improve the standard of food labelling; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [29204/04]

Most recent food labelling developments have emanated from the Food Labelling Group, which was established in June 2002. The report published by the group in December of that year contained a series of recommendations, which were accepted. As food labelling is a particularly complicated and broad-based area that involves a number of Departments and agencies, an interdepartmental agency group was established to accelerate the implementation of the report.

In December 2002, the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment had policy responsibility for European Council Directive 2000/13/EC, which is the main legislation relating to labelling, presentation and advertising of foodstuffs. The Office of the Director of Consumer Affairs was responsible for the enforcement of the directive. The Department of Health and Children was responsible for policy on food labelling legislation relating to matters such as nutrition claims and novel foods. The Food Safety Authority of Ireland was responsible for the enforcement of the legislation. The Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources was responsible for policy on labelling of fish and fish products and the authority was responsible for enforcement. The Department of Agriculture and Food was responsible for policy in respect of legislation on labelling of specific products ranging from beef, poultry and sugar to spirit drinks, coffee and fruit juices. The authority was responsible for the enforcement of the beef labelling regulations. The health boards operated the controls on the other products under the general aegis of the Department of Agriculture and Food.

Good progress has been made to date on the implementation of the labelling report's 21 recommendations, many of which are beyond the remit of the Department of Agriculture and Food and some of which were to be activated only after others had been completed. The two main issues that emanated from the recommendations were the centralisation of enforcement in one agency and the definition of origin. Enforcement of all the food labelling regulations has been centralised in the Food Safety Authority of Ireland. This will not only streamline the enforcement measures but will also provide a one-stop shop for any complaints on the mislabelling of food. Incidentally, as part of the centralisation of enforcement, the centralisation of food labelling policy, with the exception of fish, in both the Department of Health and Children and my Department achieves another recommendation of the food labelling group.

Additional information not given on the floor of the House.

There was full agreement in the food labelling group that consumers have a right to information on the origin of the meat that they cook in their homes or eat out. While the group could not agree on how origin should be defined, there was unanimous agreement that further research was necessary to establish consumers' wishes in the area. The consumer liaison panel has carried out that research, the results of which were presented in December 2003.

At the beginning of this year, two regulations on the labelling of poultry meat were introduced. The first requires poultry meat — both loose and pre-packaged — originating in a country outside the EU to bear an indication of the country of origin when offered for sale on a retail premises. The second requires information regarding class, price per unit weight, condition and slaughterhouse details in respect of loose — that is, non-prepackaged — poultry meat to be provided to the consumer.

The principal remaining issue involves the labelling of the origin of beef in the restaurant and catering sector. It had been intended to extend the existing rules by means of a statutory instrument. The enabling national legislation under which it was planned to draw up a statutory instrument has proved inadequate for the purpose. Primary legislation is now being considered in conjunction with the Department of Health and Children, possibly involving a change to the Health Act 1947. Once that has been enacted, statutory instruments will be introduced to cater for specific labelling requirements.

On the food labelling issue in general, my primary aim is to protect the consumer interest and ensure that the consumer is properly informed. Ireland is a major exporter of food and food products, and there are also considerable imports, so it is imperative that the same standards be applied to the labelling of foods in every sector and that there be a level playing field for the food industry at all levels. I hope to achieve that through the implementation in as full a manner as possible of the recommendations of the food labelling group.

I am glad to see that something is happening, since the Minister must have mentioned seven or eight agencies.

On beef, a topical issue, there is no doubt that the domestic European product fulfils the most rigorous standards in the world. However, does the Minister not agree that those standards do not apply to imports from abroad where the rules are comparatively lax? That has been highlighted by, the EU veterinary office on several occasions when it went abroad to inspect plants.

Does the Minister not therefore agree that there is now a need for clear and concise labelling of all meat products from retail level right through to restaurants, hotels and catering outlets to specify a country of origin? The Food Safety Authority has highlighted Irish-labelled beef that came from South America. An abuse of the system is obviously happening, and I know that there is an issue regarding reprocessing. Perhaps the Minister might, given that fact, examine dual labelling, something Irish industry is considering in Italy. One would have two labels, one indicating the country of origin and the other where the product is reprocessed. In that way, consumers could make an informed decision and know that they were buying an Irish product.

It is important when we discuss labelling that we differentiate it from traceability. The traceability procedure for beef is second to none. The issue of beef labelling has exercised the minds of many of us, particularly those in the farming fraternity who feel that they are unjustly competing with beef coming in from third countries. Unquestionably, it is the view of us all on this side of the House that we should proceed with the introduction of primary legislation. That is the best advice that has been given to us, and that will be done under the Health Act 1947. We hope to have that before the House fairly quickly following consultation with the Minister for Health and Children, Deputy Harney, and we hope that it will address the issue.

We have had many discussions with restaurateurs and commerce and I believe that they are prepared to take on the issue. I hope that, arising from that, it will address some of the concerns expressed by the farming fraternity. I will have to consider poultry and secondary labelling, but the source concerns many of us. We will certainly take into consideration the Deputy's views. Addressing beef labelling is a priority.

I certainly subscribe to concerns on the labelling and origin of beef, but I welcome the one-stop shop concept. Perhaps I might ask a broader question on food labelling, which is what the question is really about. I do not in any way detract from the important area of meat labelling from the agricultural point of view regarding trading and so on. However, in the UK, there is now a proposal that the food industry help by putting a traffic light code system in place with red, amber and green depending on the nutritional value of food. Perhaps the Minister might investigate the possibility of talking to the food industry in Ireland to try to work out some similar system. Nutrition is becoming significant regarding obesity.

My second question is in a somewhat lighter vein. Perhaps the Department might consider supplying us all with a magnifying glass so that we can read the labels. It is virtually impossible to decipher the fine print.

We will take a brief question from Deputies Naughten and Sargent.

Is the Minister satisfied with the level of traceability for products coming from such countries as Brazil? The EU veterinary office has raised serious concerns.

Several farmers, particularly in the organic sector, have asked if I might once again advance the argument for a national organic label. They have also made the point——

The question must be very brief. We have gone over time on this question.

That was it — the national organic label. However, one must bear in mind that many food products are composed partly of an import and partly of an Irish product. There must be some kind of label to articulate a 50% or similar quota. The situation regarding Irish and imported products is not black and white. Sometimes processed foods contain a mix.

A consumer liaison panel in the Department has carried out research on labelling and made several recommendations that are now being addressed. There will be a continuum on that issue, and I know that at its meeting today, labelling was on the agenda for further discussion. The traceability of which I speak concerns our own beef cattle. We know exactly when they were born, where they were reared, where they were slaughtered and where they came from. I am not as au fait with the other issues, and I would prefer not to give the Deputies an incorrect answer. Perhaps we might discuss it further later. I am sorry that Deputy Upton cannot read the labels; I do not even have the time to do so. However, the view — which I feel is right — is that, where people are aware, they can make an informed choice. That is important, and sometimes the consumer may be discerning but is perhaps not as much in favour of local producers as he or she should be. We are great Europeans, but I am a great Irishwoman too, and that is something that we should push.

Regarding a national organic label, I am interested in such food and have noticed to my disappointment that it is in most cases expensive and often imported. Perhaps, when we speak of an opportunity for alternative farming, we might examine support for organic enterprises, thus reducing their costs. We can certainly overdo labelling and be ridiculed, but there is nothing to say that, if we have a quality mark, we cannot have an organic mark. That need not be a problem and we will have to consider it. However, if we are to support organic enterprises — which I see as alternative ones — with the single farm payment, we will have to educate people on the issue. I am not detracting from mainstream production, but the opportunity will be afforded fairly soon.

Animal Diseases.

Dan Neville

Question:

7 Mr. Neville asked the Minister for Agriculture and Food the situation with regard to introducing an effective scheme to deal with Johne’s disease which was promised following the ceasing of the procedure operating up to January 2003. [29215/04]

The approach taken by my Department to Johne's disease until early 2003, that is, to slaughter the affected animals and on occasion other animals in the herd, and pay compensation, did not prove effective in containing the disease. That approach was therefore dispensed with and a strategic review of the approach to tackling the disease was initiated. It is clear that nothing less than a fully integrated strategy involving all the relevant stakeholders, with each playing a defined role, will be effective. Accordingly, the review has involved consultation with all relevant interests. The process generated several useful proposals of a practical nature.

It is also clear that effectively tackling the problem of Johne's disease can be achieved only over a number of years. The strategy being developed will therefore involve both short-term and long-term elements. My Department, in conjunction with others, is working on finalising several short-term elements and will shortly be consulting stakeholders on them. Once that has been done, I intend that all elements of the new national strategy will quickly be drawn together. In recognition of the fact that research and the evaluation of a number of diagnostic and screening methods for Johne's disease and the interim provision of diagnostic support at the central veterinary research laboratory will be a feature of any effective national strategy, funding was allocated for that purpose in 2004. I am fully mindful of the need to have an effective and properly co-ordinated approach to deal with the disease.

I thank the Minister of State for his response. When will we see the national strategy on this disease in place? There are substantial economic implications for farms that pick it up. The Minister of State said that funding had been set aside in 2004. Given the Estimate, which has been cut by 9%, will funding be available in 2005 to deal with this issue specifically?

As part of the Johne's disease review, a short-term strategy involving a training and information seminar for interested private veterinary practitioners was held in January to generate increased awareness among farmers, farm advisers and veterinary surgeons. Teagasc, ICOS and Veterinary Ireland together with the Department organised a series of workshops for veterinary practitioners. The Department's medium-term strategy involves research that will include measures such as the evaluation of a number of diagnostic screening methods for Johne's disease. A sum of €240,000 has been allocated for this purpose in 2004 and the Department's Estimate will not be cut back in this area in 2005.

I am glad to hear it.

I am concerned about the surveillance of the disease, which was first identified in Ireland in 1992. The number of cases initially was small, according to the Minister of State's reply to earlier questions. However, the number has increased over the years and we do not want a repeat of the BSE scare. Are there areas in which the disease is more prevalent? Is it more prevalent among certain breeds? What surveillance data are available? What is known about the epidemiology of the disease?

There is no trend in the occurrence of the disease in any area. A survey programme to determine the prevalence of Johne's disease in the national herd is being carried out and that is why the money is being made available.

Afforestation Programme.

Eamon Ryan

Question:

8 Mr. Eamon Ryan asked the Minister for Agriculture and Food if she intends to make publicly available the audit of forestry and afforestation measures (details supplied) signed off in October 2004 by the European Court of Auditors; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [29378/04]

During 2002 and 2003, the European Court of Auditors carried out audits in a number of member states, including Ireland, in respect of forestry and afforestation measures co-financed under Regulation 1257/1999. The court of auditors is responsible for the publication of reports deriving from such audits and we are awaiting the report.

I asked whether the Minister of State intended to make the audit publicly available and he replied that he was awaiting the audit. That is not an appropriate answer to the question. The court of auditors signed off on the audit in October and, notwithstanding difficulties with the postal system, there should have been some sign of the report by November. The audit will be important in making an assessment. Will the audit reveal whether compensation will be in line with previous land use or whether the beneficiaries must have farmed the land before planting forests and whether the afforestation is being carried out on a sustainable basis? Were the auditors satisfied the Government's forestry policy demonstrated the appropriate balance between the economic, social and environmental elements required for sustainable forestry? If an assessment is to be made, we need to see the audit. Will the Minister of State make the audit available?

Audit missions were carried out in Ireland between 11 November and 15 November 2002 and between 7 April and 11 April 2003. The first mission concentrated on an analysis of management systems and the second on walk through tests and on-the-spot visits to a selection of beneficiaries. We are awaiting the report and it will be fully reviewed by the Forest Service when the Department receives it. We will not have a problem making it public at that stage.

I am glad the Minister of State will not have a problem doing so. When does he expect to make the report public? The Department claimed at a meeting of the environment co-ordinating committee on 12 October that the broadleaf component of conifer plantations was under-recorded and, consequently, the Department adjusted the broadleaf planting rate upwards. In the meantime, we can only jump to conclusions because the audit has not been published and that is not fair. Will the audit be published soon, given that it was signed off in October?

We will not jump to conclusions before we receive the report but we will ask for the report to be made available as quickly as possible.

Milk Quota.

Billy Timmins

Question:

9 Mr. Timmins asked the Minister for Agriculture and Food her position with regard to future dairy quota reform; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [29293/04]

The existing milk quota restructuring scheme model has been successful in helping to increase the average quota size by approximately 25% since 2000. However, in light of the mid-term review of CAP reform decisions, substantially increased scale at producer level is needed to achieve competitiveness in the dairy sector and to maintain producer incomes. The manner in which scale can be increased, taking account of regional and other factors, needs careful consideration. In this context the operation of the restructuring scheme is being examined to determine whether it can be more responsive to the demands of the post MTR era. Since my appointment I have consulted the stakeholders and intend to seek the views of the milk quota review group before making my decision.

When does the Minister hope to publish the review? Given the significant mark-up of 126% on the price of milk between the time it leaves the farm gate and reaches the kitchen, and the significant pressure on producers, have there been discussions between the Department and the creameries and co-operatives regarding how efficiency can be improved and the benefit passed on to the farmer, whose income is being squeezed all the time? What are the Minister's plans for the ring-fenced quota? Are there plans to amend it?

I can see the headline and the sales of the Irish Farmers Journal going through the roof. I have met most of the creamery representatives and I hope to meet the remainder next week. I have also consulted colleagues and the farming organisations. The bottom line is market forces are involved and the price of milk must be reduced. That has been agreed but it will affect the producer. It is, therefore, important that efficiencies should be achieved. A number of creameries have employed individuals to introduce efficiencies within their schemes. For example, Connacht Gold has employed people to support the sector and increase efficiencies. Previous decisions have assisted producers north of the Shannon to reach the national average of approximately 45,000 gallons.

The Deputy will appreciate where I come from on the issue of ring-fencing. I do not want the dairy industry to be concentrated in only one region as that would be bad for agriculture and would reflect poorly on rural development. The issue of ring-fencing has, therefore, not been up for discussion. People are abundantly aware of my views. A balance must be struck between a farmer who, heretofore, under the milk quota scheme received a few thousand gallons to bring him up to the national average even if he was a small producer and a producer in Munster who received only 200 gallons. He must be given the opportunity to scale up in line with market conditions. I will consider this issue and I hope to make a decision by the end of December.

I refer to the issue of efficiencies. The co-operatives and creameries are in discussions with producers to improve efficiencies, but industrial relations issues arise within the co-operatives in regard to the processing of milk and the manufacture of value added products. Is the Department working with the processors to improve efficiency and liquid milk outputs and to pass on the benefits to the farmer? There has been a fall-off in the uptake in the dairy hygiene scheme this year. What measures have been taken to improve that uptake for 2005?

This is a time of change. People are at a cross-roads and they have been indecisive with regard to whether they will invest, the future of their farming projects and the future profile of farming in the aftermath of the single farm payment. On that basis, not as many people as heretofore have made applications to the Department. I expect a greater increase at the beginning of next year.

With regard to the efficiency within plants, market forces will decide this issue for the creameries and factories. Efficiency is an issue on the production side. The issue existed some years ago when we were dealing with rationalisation and it caused difficulties with the farming fraternity. We are international leaders in the dairy industry and it is important we remain at that level. Without wishing to show disrespect to the industry, I point out that supports have been made available. I will certainly push the issue of research and development, not just to examine efficiencies but to examine alternatives for the dairy industry. The Department will pursue that vigorously.

Farmers’ Markets.

Ciarán Cuffe

Question:

10 Mr. Cuffe asked the Minister for Agriculture and Food if she has a policy to promote the establishment of farmers’ markets and if she is liaising with the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government in view of the important roles which local authorities can play in supporting local development of agriculture. [29375/04]

Farmers' markets offer a special route to market for small food and farming entrepreneurs in the valuable learning experience they offer through direct access to consumers. In essence they are a live incubation unit for new food businesses. The potential for growth of the speciality, artisan and local sector extends consumer choice in product range and shopping experience and benefits agriculture and the local economy.

As part of its statutory role in promoting Ireland's food and drink industry Bord Bia, an agency under my Department, co-operates with other State and local agencies to champion the scope of this route to market as an outlet for food producers. Bord Bia was to the fore in promoting the concept of farmers' markets in 2002 when it staged Ireland's largest ever outdoor food market, on the farmers' market style, for 110 small food producers at its international food symposium in Kinsale. The aim was to support small food producers and to demonstrate what was involved in setting up and running a farmers' market.

Since then, in partnership with the Office of Public Works, OPW, Bord Bia has run successful markets in Farmleigh in 2003, attracting more than 35,000 visitors, and in 2004. Bord Bia is also in discussion with the OPW about appropriate expansion of farmers' markets on OPW sites.

The Bord Bia on-line guide to the establishment of farmers' markets on its website dedicated to farmers' markets includes a list of some 50 markets established in Ireland. Bord Bia works on a collaborative basis with local authorities and organisations providing valuable experience in support of farmers' markets in recognition of these local benefits.

Cuirim fáilte roimh an fhreagra sin. Arising from that reply, will the Minister of State speak again to the OPW about the Main Guard building in Clonmel which would suit the development of a farmers' market? I am not sure what the difficulty has been with that proposal, but it is worth pursuing.

The Minister is familiar with a number of farmers' markets in Donegal. I had the pleasure of visiting one recently in Letterkenny. However, it was sad to see that the French market in Ballyshannon was closed down by the authorities. This highlights some of the obstacles that remain, notwithstanding the goodwill and work of Bord Bia and others. Are county managers, the Department of Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs and the Department of Agriculture and Food willing to co-ordinate the type of information that would assist in the development of farmers' markets? For example, could they provide a list of the traditional market days around the country? Will they make that list available to producers and farmers?

Is there a need for or a possibility of amending, for example, the Public Health Act or the Casual Trading Act to reflect the current needs and modern demand for locally produced food which would be helped by more developments such as farmers' markets?

Our Department supports and encourages the expansion of farmers' markets. I understand Deputy Sargent will be rambling to the south side of the city over the weekend to a new market. I hope he enjoys his afternoon. I know from my colleagues, the Minister for Agriculture and Food, Deputy Coughlan, and the Minister of State, Deputy Browne, that the local authorities of both Donegal and Wexford have been very supportive of the establishment of successful markets.

The Casual Trading Act is a separate issue. Section 7 of the Casual Trading Act 1995 referred to the acquisition and the extinguishing of market rights. The clause stated that a local authority may acquire any market right or fair in its functional area by agreement or compulsorily. An article appeared in the Irish Farmers Journal about 12 months ago which communicated the impression that market rights would be extinguished in towns if they were not taken up by 2005. There has been some consideration of that, but the situation is unclear. The current situation as far as I know and from what I read in a Bord Bia publication is that two court cases are ongoing and the Casual Trading Act 1995 may have no bearing on the right to a market in towns. The outcome of those cases will determine the exact position.

My experience is that markets throughout the country have been successful and are growing. We do not have as many as we had in 1853. A census held at that time showed there were 348 farmers' markets. We have approximately 50. It has become clear that there is significant urban support for the farmers' markets where people can get fresh produce. People in both towns and rural areas support their development. We want to encourage growth in the area.

I remember a soap show some years ago which was supposed to have farmers' eggs. I do not think they were farmers' eggs.

There is no incubation period here.

My first question relates to co-operation with local authorities. It seems that in many parts of the country, town renewal schemes have forced many of the markets out of existence. Will the Minister of State ensure that some mechanism is put in place to encourage the development of markets because local authorities tend to tolerate rather than promote and develop them?

Will he also re-examine the Public Health Act in this regard. Currently only vegetables are sold. The novel food and artisan sectors are restricted because of the Food Safety Authority regulations and the Public Health Act. Will the Minister of State examine that situation?

A recent Combat Poverty Agency report indicated that 200,000 people in this country suffer from food poverty. Many of those live in disadvantaged urban areas. Will the Minister of State take on board the need for liaison between local authorities, farmers and others to make readily available nutritious, good value food rather than processed expensive foods that are bad value nutritionally? I would like to see this supported and encouraged. I support the farmers' markets, but we need to broaden the initiative. The idea of Farmleigh, a nice posh market visited by 35,000 people, is wonderful, but we need to consider another agenda also.

I accept the arguments made by Deputy Upton. We have enough local statutory agencies to co-ordinate this type of development. The Leader programme and the county development boards have been active in trying to revive markets. I support Deputy Upton that these should not be for the more advantaged areas.

Deputy Naughten was doing some rambling too, with regard to the Public Health Act. Earlier today the Minister, myself and Deputy Browne discussed the issue. The Department is also discussing the issue with regard to the Public Health Act.

Single Farm Payment.

Fergus O'Dowd

Question:

11 Mr. O’Dowd asked the Minister for Agriculture and Food her plans to review the force majeure procedure for the single farm payment; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [29205/04]

Denis Naughten

Question:

56 Mr. Naughten asked the Minister for Agriculture and Food if she has satisfied herself with the force majeure procedure for the single farm payment; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [29206/04]

I propose to take Questions Nos. 11 and 56 together.

The processing of applications to establish entitlements under the single payment scheme on the grounds of force majeure or exceptional circumstances are undertaken by my Department in accordance with the provisions of Article 40 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1782/2003. Eligible applicants under this measure can have their entitlements based on an average of one or two years during the reference period, 2000-02, or the alternative reference period, 1997-99. If the revised average for applicants is less than the average for the three years of the reference period, as happens in some cases, the applicant in question retains the higher average.

To give farmers ample opportunity to avail of this measure, my Department introduced a scheme in December 2003 for the submission of applications in regard to force majeure or exceptional circumstances. As we are all aware, the scheme was extensively advertised. Due to the high level of interest in the measure and difficulties experienced by certain applicants in obtaining documentary evidence, my Department extended the closing date to 6 February 2004. In excess of 15,000 applications were received of which 96% have been processed to date.

It was agreed that any farmers who were dissatisfied with the decision of my Department in respect of their application under force majeure or exceptional circumstances should have the right to appeal. In this regard, the single payment appeals committee, comprising an independent chairman, Mr. John Duggan, and four appeals officers from the agriculture appeals office was established. I am satisfied that this appeals mechanism provides farmers with the necessary means to have their applications dealt with in an independent, fair, comprehensive and efficient manner if they are not satisfied with my Department’s decision in their case.

Following the issue of statements of provisional entitlements, my Department has been granting farmers, who had not already done so, a further opportunity to submit applications in regard to force majeure or exceptional circumstances. In excess of 2,000 applications have been received. All such applicants who are unsuccessful will continue to have a right of appeal to the single payment appeals committee.

I am satisfied that the measures introduced to provide for the processing of applications for consideration on the grounds of force majeure or exceptional circumstances in regard to the establishment of entitlements under the single payment scheme were comprehensive, effective and fair and any farmer who considered that he or she might be eligible was given every opportunity to apply.

There appears to be a significant variation in the success rate depending on grounds under which one appeals. For example, "incapacity" is the most successful category under which to make an appeal. The success rate for "other exceptional circumstances" at 5% is very low. Many of these issues are extremely complex. Is there a mechanism, or will one be put in place, whereby people can provide oral evidence for consideration? Some issues are extremely complex and it is difficult to put them down on paper. Can such a mechanism be put in place? Will the Minister comment on the variation in the success rate?

I have heard a number of my colleagues give out about the fact that people have been unsuccessful in appealing under force majeure. In many cases these people’s interests would be better served within the national reserve. I hope we can address some of those concerns.

The track record on the national reserve has not been good.

I appreciate that. The force majeure procedure is specific. It refers to death of a farmer, long-term professional incapacity, severe natural disaster, accidental destruction of livestock buildings and their holdings or disease affecting all or part of the farmer’s livestock. One has to stick to tight criteria and, as Deputy Naughten said, the majority of appeals are successful on the grounds of incapacity.

The figures for successful appeals are death of an applicant, 957; incapacity, 2,058; and disease in a herd, 1,627. There are exceptional circumstances and that is where the majority of decisions will be made. I have evaluated the matter on the basis of being chastised by certain colleagues because people have not had an opportunity to fairly put their case.

The problem is that we had so many applications that it was difficult to facilitate all of them. We are now near the end of the process and if the Deputy is aware of a particular individual who may not be able to put forward his or her case, he should ask the person to contact the Department and we will try to facilitate him or her. Some people may not be able to express themselves as well in writing as in person.

Written answers follow Adjournment Debate.

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