I propose to take Questions Nos. 60 and 61 together.
I would point out that the services supplied by small pubs are treated for VAT purposes as those services supplied by restaurants and other such venues of hospitality. Catering supplied by small pubs is liable to VAT at the 9% VAT rate, as it is where supplied by a restaurant. Similarly, alcohol supplied by a small pub is liable to VAT at the standard VAT rate of 23%, the same as if it was supplied by a hotel, restaurant or larger pub. With regard to expanding the 9% rate to include the supply of alcohol by small pubs, the VAT rating of goods and services is constrained by the requirements of EU VAT law with which Irish VAT law must comply. The EU VAT Directive does not allow for the application of a reduced VAT rate to the supply of alcohol.