Written Answers Nos. 822 - 842
822. Deputy Bernard J. Durkan asked the Minister for Defence the extent to which he expects the next recruitment campaign to augment numbers in the Defence Forces at all levels in the Army, Naval Service and Air Corps; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [13372/14]
View answer826. Deputy Bernard J. Durkan asked the Minister for Defence the extent to which any particular emphasis might be placed on encouraging the young unemployed to join the Defence Forces in the context of the forthcoming recruitment campaign; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [13376/14]
View answer830. Deputy Seán Ó Fearghaíl asked the Minister for Defence if he will provide details of the new recruitment campaign for the Defence Forces; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [12946/14]
View answerI propose to take Questions Nos. 822, 826 and 830 together.
I announced the launch of a new recruitment campaign for Enlisted Personnel in both the Permanent and the Reserve Defence Force on Friday, 7 March 2014. The Government is committed to maintaining the stabilised strength of the Permanent Defence Force at 9,500 personnel and this current campaign will enable this to be achieved.
Recruitment of personnel to the Army, Naval Service and Air Corps is determined in line with the operational requirements of each of the three services. The Defence Forces plan to induct up to 400 personnel to the Permanent Defence Force (both Army and Navy) and up to 500 personnel to the Reserve Defence Force (both Army Reserve and Naval Service Reserve) in 2014. This will be the first intake of recruits to the Reserve following on from the reorganisation of the Permanent and Reserve Defence Force in line with the ‘Single Force Concept’ whereby Reserve Units are embedded into Permanent Defence Force Formations.
This new recruitment campaign is designed to attract enthusiastic and committed men and women from all backgrounds and ethnicities to a career in the Defence Forces. With the changes in the make-up of Ireland’s population, it is important that we raise awareness and attract recruits from all backgrounds, including the new Irish, so that our Defence Forces, Permanent and Reserve, reflect the society that they serve. As part of the recruitment campaign the Defence Forces are contacting various groups representative of the different ethnic groups in the State. There is also extensive engagement with schools, colleges and sports clubs and organisations. The Defence Forces are particularly interested in attracting applications from women. The Defence Forces is committed to full equality among all its personnel irrespective of gender, ethnicity or sexual orientation.
The recruitment competition for both the Permanent and Reserve Defence Force is being run through a centralised online application system on the Defence Forces website www.military.ie. All correspondence is conducted via e-mail. Details of the competitions, the closing date for which is 9 April 2014, are available on the website.
While no specific measures are being taken to encourage the young unemployed to join the Defence Forces, the Recruitment competition has been widely advertised in the National and Regional Press and Media and is also on “Careers Portal”, a National career guidance website. Information on service in the Defence Forces is also available through the Defence Forces social media platforms, on Twitter and Facebook.
Applicants for recruitment to both the Permanent and Reserve Defence Force will be required to complete broadly similar assessments. Candidates for recruitment to the Permanent Defence Force must successfully complete fitness testing, online psychometric testing, interview and psychometric testing verification, in order to progress through the competition. Following these stages of the recruitment process, successful applicants may be placed on panels and may be offered a position, subject to successfully completing a medical examination and obtaining Garda Síochána Security Clearance. Candidates for recruitment to the Reserve Defence Force follow a similar process, but do not undergo psychometric testing.
With the support of the Chief of Staff and within the resources available, I intend to retain the capacity of the Defence Forces to operate effectively across all roles and to undertake the tasks laid down by Government both at home and overseas.
823. Deputy Bernard J. Durkan asked the Minister for Defence the extent to which military vehicles, including vehicles, aircraft and seagoing vessels, continue to be maintained, serviced and upgraded as required on an ongoing basis; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [13373/14]
View answerI am satisfied that the level of equipment currently available to the Defence Forces enables them to carry out their roles, both at home and overseas. The acquisition of new equipment for the Army, Air Corps and the Naval Service is a matter that is kept under constant review at a senior level in my Department and in the Defence Forces, through joint participation in the High Level Planning and Procurement Group. This Group is charged with identifying equipment requirements and agreeing on a procurement programme to provide the Defence Forces with type and quantities of equipment necessary to carry out their assigned duties. These are all issues that are also a consideration in the drafting of the new White Paper on Defence.
However, the fact remains that in the current economic climate the budgetary situation will continue to dictate the level of funding available for new equipment and for equipment upgrades. Decisions will be made accordingly on a strictly prioritised basis in accordance with operational priorities with a view to maintaining the capability of all roles assigned by Government to the Defence Forces.
On the transport side, the Defence Forces has a significant fleet of vehicles. In recent years, a number of vehicle purchases took place which included Minibuses, standard patrol vehicles and mid-coaches for troop transportation. In addition, funding is provided on a continuous basis for the required maintenance and servicing of vehicles in the military transport fleet.
The Air Corps operate a maintenance plan which endeavors to ensure that the maximum number of operational flying hours is available from aircraft when most needed. The maintenance of the Air Corps fleet falls into three broad categories: scheduled, unscheduled and routine/daily. The use of Power by the Hour/Performance Based maintenance contracts assists the Air Corps in keeping downtime of aircraft to the minimum. The provision for the Air Corps in 2014 mainly relates to these maintenance and Power by the Hour contracts set up to keep the Air Corps fleet fully operational with specific maintenance work being carried out on the CASA Maritime Patrol Aircraft related to the overhaul of engines on the aircraft. The question of proceeding with any replacement aircraft programme for the Air Corps will be considered in tandem with the new White Paper on Defence, the overall equipment requirements of the Defence Forces generally and the funding envelope available in the coming years.
The provision of two new offshore Patrol Vessels for the Naval Service is well advanced with the first ship due for delivery shortly and the second ship scheduled for delivery in early 2015. These modern new vessels, combined with a continuous process of refurbishment and repair on the other vessels in the fleet, will ensure the Naval Service continues to meet the required operational capability.
824. Deputy Bernard J. Durkan asked the Minister for Defence the total number of military installations closed or decommissioned throughout the country in the course of the past 20 years; the alternative use to which such installations have been put; the extent to which the Exchequer has benefitted from sale or otherwise; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [13374/14]
View answerMy Department has been engaged on an ongoing programme of barrack consolidation since 1998. This programme has brought to fourteen the number of barracks closed during that time. To date nine of these barracks - Clancy (Dublin), Castleblaney, Ballincollig, Fermoy, Naas, Monaghan, Cavan, Castlebar and a large portion of Longford - have been sold. In relation to the remaining barracks agreement has been reached for the sale of Lifford barracks to Donegal County Council. Discussions had also been ongoing for a considerable period of time with the Council in relation to the sale of Rockhill House, however at a recent meeting with officials of my Department the Council was not in a position to give a firm commitment to acquiring the property at this stage. It is proposed therefore to dispose of the property by public auction within the next couple of months.
Discussions are at an advanced stage in relation to the sale of the former barracks in Clonmel to South Tipperary County Council and I expect that the sale will be finalised over the coming weeks. The remaining part of Longford has been reserved for sale to the Office of Public Works for the local Garda Síochána.
Magee Barracks in Kildare and Columb Barracks in Mullingar remain the property of the Department of Defence. Columb Barracks is currently used by an Garda Síochána and the Customs Service for training purposes and a large part of the barracks has been licenced to Westmeath GAA Board for use as a potential centre of excellence. Discussions are at an advanced stage with the Board in relation to the possible lease of the whole facility and these discussions should be completed over the coming months.
In addition to the main barracks outlined above a number of other properties have also been identified as surplus to military requirements over the past twenty years. A large number of these have already been disposed of whilst others are in the process of being prepared for disposal. These mainly consist of married quarters, Reserve Defence Force (RDF) premises and training lands. An auction of ten former RDF properties in early December 2013 yielded approximately €1m. The total realised to-date in terms of sales of surplus property over the last twenty years is €106m approx.
825. Deputy Bernard J. Durkan asked the Minister for Defence the extent to which the number of women serving in each branch of the Defence Forces has fluctuated in the past five years to date; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [13375/14]
View answerThe table contains the strength of women in the Permanent Defence Force, broken down into Army, Air Corps and Naval Service for each of the years 2009 to 2013. The Government is committed to a policy of equal opportunity for men and women throughout the Defence Forces and to the full participation by women in all aspects of Defence Forces activities. Unlike many other national armed forces, the Defence Forces have no restrictions as regards the assignment of men or women to the full range of operational and administrative duties. All promotions and career courses are open to both genders on merit.The Defence Forces prides itself on providing a gender neutral working environment. Policies on equality are being constantly communicated to all ranks. The military authorities are alert and vigilant to this issue and are committed to addressing this matter in a continuing and proactive manner.
As part of the recently announced recruitment campaign for enlisted personnel and the Reserve, specific efforts are being made to increase the number of female applicants as part of a wider campaign aimed at improving gender and ethnic representation and diversity in the Defence Forces. In the case of female participation, these efforts include school visits, media engagement including national and local radio, targeting sports clubs and use of social media.
I wish to advise the Deputy that the strength figures for the period 2009 - 2012 include personnel who were on secondment to, and being paid by other organisations, or on career breaks. The 31 December 2013 strength figures have been calculated on the basis of actual numbers serving on that date, excluding those members who are on secondment to, and being paid by other organisations, or on career breaks. All future strength figures will be calculated on this basis.
Number of women serving in each Branch of the Permanent Defence Force
|
Year |
Army |
Air Corps |
Naval Service |
Total |
|
2013 |
450 |
31 |
65 |
546 |
|
2012 |
482 |
30 |
70 |
582 |
|
2011 |
467 |
30 |
68 |
565 |
|
2010 |
467 |
32 |
70 |
569 |
|
2009 |
462 |
33 |
72 |
567 |
827. Deputy Barry Cowen asked the Minister for Defence the number of times his Department received requests by Philanthropy Ireland to meet in 2011, 2012 and 2013; the number of times his Department met with Philanthropy Ireland in those years; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [13385/14]
View answerMy Department has not received any requests from, nor have any meetings been held with Philantrophy Ireland, since 2011.
829. Deputy Seán Ó Fearghaíl asked the Minister for Defence if he will provide an update on the Defence Forces’ participation in the UNDOF mission; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [12945/14]
View answerThe United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) was established on 31 May 1974 under UN Security Council Resolution 350 in order to maintain the ceasefire between Israel and Syria. By its latest resolution 2131 of 18 December 2013, the Security Council stressed the obligation of both Israel and the Syrian Arab Republic to scrupulously observe the 1974 Disengagement of Forces Agreement and abide by its terms. It underscored that there should be no military forces in the area of separation other than those of UNDOF. It also called on all parties to the Syrian domestic conflict to cease military actions within the UNDOF Area of Operations. UNDOF currently has a military strength of approximately 1,236 with a further 145 civilian staff. A total of six countries currently contribute to the mission including Ireland, India, Fiji, Netherlands, Philippines and Nepal.
Following Government and Dáil approval, the deployment of the 43rd Infantry Group to the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) on the Golan Heights was successfully completed on 28 September 2013. The 43rd Infantry Group, comprising 112 personnel, consists of a Force Reserve Company and support elements. Their role includes the provision of a Quick Reaction Force which is on standby to assist with on-going operations within the UNDOF Area of Responsibility. The Irish Infantry Group is also tasked with carrying out patrols and convoy escorts as necessary. In addition to the Force Reserve Company there are also five (5) Defence Forces personnel based in UNDOF Headquarters in Camp Faouar on the Golan Heights.
Irish personnel serving with UNDOF Force Reserve Company will be rotated on a six-monthly basis. Members of the 43rd Infantry Group will shortly complete their six month tour of duty at the end of this month when they will be replaced by members of the 44th Infantry Group.
An incident, where Irish Troops came under small arms fire did occur in UNDOF in November last year. At that time an Irish patrol, with five (5) Armoured Personnel Carriers, was escorting Philippino personnel to their post in the UNDOF area of operations when they came under fire. Irish troops returned fire. While the patrol was withdrawing one Armoured Personnel Carrier was hit by an explosion which damaged its rear right wheel. The cause of the explosion was later determined to be a landmine. The patrol withdrew to a defensive location and later successfully returned to UNDOF headquarters in Camp Faouar. During the incident in question, one member of the Irish patrol suffered a minor back injury. He was treated in hospital in Israel, for precautionary tests and returned to duty in Camp Faouar the following day.
Irish troops are deployed to the Golan Heights at a time of increased instability in that region. That was the situation pertaining in the region when Dáil Éireann considered this issue last July, when it decided to deploy the contingent to UNDOF. It was never the case that this deployment was going to be easy. Both the political and the security situation in the region is volatile; that is why we are there.
831. Deputy Seán Ó Fearghaíl asked the Minister for Defence the number of suspect devices that the Army disposal unit dealt with in 2013; the number to date in 2014; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [12948/14]
View answerPrimary responsibility for the maintenance of law and order rests with An Garda Síochána. The Defence Forces, pursuant to their role of rendering Aid to the Civil Power (ATCP), assist An Garda Síochána when requested to do so. The Defence Forces Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Teams respond when a request is made by An Garda Síochána for assistance. All EOD callouts are treated as suspect devices until post operation analysis. EOD teams were deployed on 250 occasions during 2013 and viable devices accounted for 81 of these callouts. Up to 18 March 2014, EOD teams were deployed on 28 occasions and viable devices accounted for 11 of these callouts. Other types of callouts would include hoaxes, false alarms, post-blast analysis, and the removal of unstable chemicals in laboratories.
832. Deputy Seán Ó Fearghaíl asked the Minister for Defence the number of cash-in-transit escorts carried out by the Defence Forces in 2013; the number to date in 2014; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [12949/14]
View answer835. Deputy Pádraig Mac Lochlainn asked the Minister for Defence if it is the intention of senior management in the Defence Forces to remove the Defence Forces from escort duties for cash-in-transit deliveries. [13661/14]
View answerI propose to take Questions Nos. 832 and 835 together.
Primary responsibility for security matters rests with An Garda Síochána. However, one of the roles assigned to the Defence Forces in the White Paper on Defence (2000) is to provide Aid to the Civil Power (ATCP) which, in practice, means to assist An Garda Síochána when requested to do so. The Defence Forces, pursuant to their ATCP role, provide armed escorts for certain cash movements within the State on request by An Garda Síochána. The number of cash-in-transit escorts provided by the Defence Forces in 2013 and up to 18th March in 2014 is as follows:
|
YEAR |
NO. OF ESCORTS |
|
2013 |
1,995 |
|
Up to 18th March in 2014 |
384 |
Operational details in relation to any aspect of these cash escorts cannot be disclosed for security reasons.
833. Deputy Luke 'Ming' Flanagan asked the Minister for Defence when he will reply to the claim submitted by PDFORRA to his Department regarding the issue of extending privates and corporals beyond 21 years service in the Defence Forces; if his attention has been drawn to the fact that the cost to the Exchequer will be greater than if these men and women were to remain within the Defence Forces; if he considers it to be more beneficial to the capacity of the Defence Forces if these personnel were retained within the forces, as their talents and experience will be lost if they are forced out of the forces due to the requirement of promotion to the rank of sergeant; if his attention has been drawn to the fact that this claim has been with his Department for over one and a half years now and that it will start to impact in 2015; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [13613/14]
View answerThe unsatisfactory age and fitness profile of the Permanent Defence Force was an issue of serious concern during the 1990s and was the subject of severe criticism by a series of external reports, mainly Price Waterhouse Consultants and the Efficiency Audit Group (EAG). One of the key areas identified for urgent action by the EAG was the development of a manpower policy with an emphasis on lowering the age profile of Permanent Defence Force personnel. The EAG’s report was accepted by Government in 1995.
In an effort to alleviate the situation, the Government had already decided in 1993 to enlist personnel on a five year contract basis, following consultation with Permanent Defence Force Other Ranks Representative Association (PDFORRA). In 1997 agreement was reached with PDFORRA on a new manpower policy for the Defence Forces. This policy, applying to personnel enlisted after 1 January 1994, provided that service for Private Soldiers would initially be for five years with the option to be extended to a maximum of twelve years, subject to meeting standards of medical and physical fitness and conduct. Longer periods of service were envisaged for Non Commissioned Officers.
In 2004 PDFORRA submitted a claim under the Conciliation and Arbitration Scheme for a further review of the terms of service applying to personnel enlisting in the Permanent Defence Force after 1 January, 1994. A set of criteria was agreed with PDFORRA to provide longer careers for those who enlisted post 1 January 1994 while continuing to address the Government’s objective of having an appropriate age profile to meet the challenges of a modern Defence Forces.
The criteria require that any person re-engaging after 12 years service must be able to continue to operate at their current level both at home and overseas on an ongoing basis. Re-engagement is subject to the individual soldier meeting specified criteria in regard to physical fitness, medical category, successful completion of military courses of instruction, service overseas and conduct ratings. The maximum service period for these personnel is as follows:-
- Enlisted Personnel, up to and including the rank of Corporal (and equivalent Naval Service rank), may not serve beyond 21 years service.
- Enlisted Personnel, in the rank of Sergeant (and equivalent Naval Service rank), may be permitted to continue in service up to the age of fifty years.
- Enlisted Personnel in all higher ranks may serve to the age of fifty-six.
With the approach of 2015 the first effects of the agreement, whereby Privates and Corporals may not serve beyond 21 years, will be felt by Permanent Defence Force members in those ranks. I am aware that a claim has been received from PDFORRA for a further review in relation to this matter and has been the subject of intense discussions and negotiations under the Conciliation and Arbitration Scheme for members of the Permanent Defence Force. As discussions under the Scheme are confidential to the parties involved it would not be appropriate for me to comment further on the matter at this time, other than to emphasise that in dealing with this issue the manpower and operational needs of the Defence Forces must be the primary consideration.
However, I am confident that in examining this claim from PDFORRA, all pertinent facts, including cost to the Exchequer and benefit to the Defence Forces are being considered. It is intended to finalise negotiations with the Representative Association within the next few weeks.
836. Deputy Mary Lou McDonald asked the Minister for Defence the number of civil servants engaged in constituency work on his behalf; and the salaries, accommodation costs and expenses involved or associated with these duties. [13681/14]
View answerThere are no civil servants engaged in constituency work on my behalf in the Department of Defence.
837. Deputy Luke 'Ming' Flanagan asked the Minister for Defence if he will consider purchasing an aircraft carrier to protect Ireland; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [13857/14]
View answerThe Naval Service conducts routine maritime surveillance patrols on a daily basis throughout Ireland’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The primary day-to-day tasking of the Naval Service is to provide a fishery protection service in accordance with the State’s fishery protection legislation and our obligations as a member of the European Union. A strategy for the replacement of Naval Service Offshore Patrol Vessels is currently in train. A contract was signed in October 2010, with Babcock Marine for the provision of two new offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs) for the Naval Service. The first ship to be named LE Samuel Beckett is scheduled for delivery in the coming weeks. The second ship to be named LE James Joyce will follow in January 2015. The acquisition of these modern new vessels, combined with a continuous process of refurbishment and repair on the other vessels in the fleet, will ensure that the operational capability of the Naval Service is maintained at a satisfactory level. There are no plans to purchase an aircraft carrier for the Naval Service.
838. Deputy Seán Ó Fearghaíl asked the Minister for Defence if he will provide up-to-date figures for the strength of the Permanent Defence Force and the Reserve Defence Force with regard to all three services; if he will provide the gender breakdown of same according to rank; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [13152/14]
View answerThe strength of the Permanent Defence Force at 31 January 2014, the latest date for which figures are available, was 9,198, broken down into 7,403 Army, 775 Air Corps and 1,020 Naval Service. 556 (or 6.05%) are women. The tables contain the above mentioned strength, broken down into Army, Naval Service and Air Corps by gender and rank groupings.
The Reserve Defence Force is currently undergoing a period of reform and reorganisation following publication of the Value for Money Review of the Reserve Defence Force in November, 2012. Information in relation to the numbers of effective members of the Reserve Defence Force are currently being compiled following its reorganisation. While this process is ongoing as records from units are updated and reconciled on the personnel management system, it is not possible to provide an up-to-date fully accurate figure for the current strength. The best estimate based on the returns reconciled to date is that the effective strength of the Reserve is in the order of about 2,500.
Army (PDF)
|
Rank |
Male |
Female |
Total |
|
Lt Gen |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Maj Gen |
2 |
2 |
|
|
Brig Gen |
6 |
6 |
|
|
Col |
34 |
34 |
|
|
Lt Col |
105 |
3 |
108 |
|
Comdt |
223 |
26 |
249 |
|
Captain |
226 |
35 |
261 |
|
LT |
238 |
40 |
278 |
|
SM |
29 |
29 |
|
|
BQMS |
33 |
33 |
|
|
CS |
108 |
1 |
109 |
|
CQMS |
163 |
1 |
164 |
|
Sgt |
844 |
49 |
893 |
|
Cpl |
1,192 |
116 |
1,308 |
|
Pte |
3,724 |
184 |
3,908 |
|
Cadets |
17 |
3 |
20 |
|
Total |
6,945 |
458 |
7,403 |
Air Corps (PDF)
|
Rank |
Male |
Female |
Total |
|
Lt Gen |
|||
|
Maj Gen |
|||
|
Brig Gen |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Col |
2 |
2 |
|
|
Lt Col |
14 |
14 |
|
|
Comdt |
32 |
32 |
|
|
Captain |
48 |
5 |
53 |
|
LT |
30 |
2 |
32 |
|
SM |
7 |
1 |
8 |
|
BQMS |
4 |
4 |
|
|
CS |
48 |
48 |
|
|
CQMS |
13 |
13 |
|
|
Sgt |
119 |
6 |
125 |
|
Cpl |
148 |
11 |
159 |
|
Pte |
257 |
10 |
267 |
|
Cadets |
17 |
17 |
|
|
Total |
740 |
35 |
775 |
Naval Service (PDF)
|
Rank |
Male |
Female |
Total |
|
Lt Gen |
|||
|
Maj Gen |
|||
|
Brig Gen |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Col |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Lt Col |
13 |
13 |
|
|
Comdt |
39 |
6 |
45 |
|
Captain |
42 |
10 |
52 |
|
LT |
35 |
12 |
47 |
|
SM |
6 |
6 |
|
|
BQMS |
7 |
7 |
|
|
CS |
68 |
68 |
|
|
CQMS |
15 |
15 |
|
|
Sgt |
166 |
2 |
168 |
|
Cpl |
162 |
12 |
174 |
|
Pte |
387 |
21 |
408 |
|
Cadets |
15 |
15 |
|
|
Total |
957 |
63 |
1,020 |
840. Deputy Seán Kenny asked the Minister for Defence the number of pilots currently serving in the Air Corps; the number of those who are female; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [14028/14]
View answerI am advised by the Military Authorities that there are 88 pilots currently serving in the Air Corps. Of that total there is 1 female pilot.
841. Deputy Billy Kelleher asked the Minister for Defence if he will provide an update in tabular form of the commitments in the programme for Government that relate to his Department; and the progress that has been made in the implementation of each commitment. [14111/14]
View answerThe commitments in the Programme for Government relating to Defence and the progress that has been made are set out in the table.
|
Commitment |
Status |
|
The implementation of the Defence Forces Medical Services Review as resources allow. |
In line with the recommendations of the Defence Forces Medical Service Review, the Central Medical Unit was formally established in 2012. Options for outsourcing Defence Forces medical services to a civilian medical services provider have been reviewed and consideration is now being given to outsourcing options on a per service basis e.g. physiotherapy services, laboratory services, pharmacy services. Arrangements for existing services which are already outsourced are also being regularised e.g. GP’s, dental services. |
|
Commitment |
Status |
|
The initiation of a detailed legal review of the basis, structures and governance of the Irish Red Cross to improve its functioning in the light of changing circumstances. |
The Department is continuing work on the review in consultation with the Irish Red Cross Society. The review mainly relates to codification of the various legal instruments in effect since 1938. I anticipate, subject to Government approval, that a Red Cross (Amendment) Bill will be published during the lifetime of this Government. |
842. Deputy Derek Nolan asked the Minister for Defence the salaries, including pensions and any other bonus related additions, including company cars, of chief executive officers of commercial State bodies under the remit of his Department; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [14478/14]
View answerThere are no commercial State bodies under the aegis of my Department.
