Written Answers Nos. 59-85
59. Deputy Claire Kerrane asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the time frame for a property (details supplied) to be connected to broadband through the national broadband plan; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44717/20]
View answer60. Deputy Claire Kerrane asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the details of the full roll-out of broadband through the National Broadband Plan to County Roscommon; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44718/20]
View answerI propose to take Questions Nos. 59 and 60 together.
The National Broadband Plan (NBP) State led Intervention will be delivered by National Broadband Ireland (NBI) under a contract signed in November 2019 to roll out a high speed and future proofed broadband network within the Intervention Area which covers 1.1 million people living and working in the over 544,000 premises, including almost 100,000 businesses and farms along with 695 schools.
Surveying is the first step towards delivering the new fibre network and involves physically walking the routes and documenting images, notes and measurements of the poles, cables and underground ducts in each area. I am advised by NBI that, as of 21 December 2020, over 153,000 premises across all counties have been surveyed which is ahead of the full year survey target of 120,000 that had been projected by the company. The deployment plan forecasts premises passed in all counties within the first 2 years and over 90% of premises in the State having access to high speed broadband within the next four years.In County Roscommon there are 19,126 premises within the intervention area for the National Broadband Plan. NBI have advised that approximately 3,600 premises (around 20%) have been surveyed by 21 December including the areas of Ballymurray, Athleague, Castlecoote, Donamon, Ballymacurley, Lackan, Kilroosky and Fourmilehouse.
The premises referred to in the Question is located in the Intervention Area and surveys are planned by NBI to commence in that location by Q3 next year. I am advised that NBI is targeting the following indicative dates for further surveying in Roscommon within the next 18 months.
|
Roscommon Deployment Area |
No. of Premises |
Timelines |
|
Castlerea |
4347 |
2021 Q2 |
|
Elphin |
2483 |
2022 Q2 |
|
Curraghboy |
1721 |
2022 Q3 |
Further details are available on specific areas within Roscommon through the NBI website which provides a facility for any premises within the intervention area to register their interest in being provided with deployment updates through its website www.nbi.ie. Individuals who register with this facility will receive regular updates on progress by NBI on delivering the network and specific updates related to their own premises when works are due to commence.
I am aware that concerns have been raised regarding the level of information available on the deployment of the NBI network and I am advised that NBI is working to provide more detail on its website, with a rolling update on network build plans.
Broadband Connection Points (BCPs) are a key element of the NBP providing high speed broadband in every county in advance of the roll out of the fibre to the home network. As of 21 December, 241 publicly accessible BCP sites have been installed by NBI and the high speed broadband service will be switched on in these locations through service provider contracts managed by the Department of Rural and Community Development. Locations in County Roscommon include Cam Community Centre (3.4kms from the premises referred to in the Question), Saint Patrick's Hall, Tawnytaskin Community Centre, Gortaganny Resource Centre and Creeve Community Centre. Further details can be found at https://nbi.ie/bcp-locations/.
Termon National School is installed by NBI for educational access as part of this initiative and Ballagh National School is installed and connected. My Department continues to work with the Department of Education to prioritise other schools with no high speed broadband, within the intervention area for connection over the term of the NBP. In this regard, an acceleration of this aspect of the National Broadband Plan has just been announced which will see some 679 primary schools connected to high speed broadband by 2022, well ahead of the original target delivery timeframe of 2026. Further details are available on the NBI website at https://nbi.ie/primary-schools-list/
61. Deputy Catherine Connolly asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the amount of EU and national funding in total received to date by the SEAI relating to all projects connected to the offshore electricity generating station (details supplied) in County Mayo since the test site was granted a foreshore lease in 2015, in tabular form; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44731/20]
View answerSEAI receives up to 50% of the costs of the AFLOWT project from Interreg North-West Europe (European Regional Development Fund); this is the only EU co-funded project connected to AMETS that is funded through the SEAI. The AFLOWT project started in January 2019 and the table below shows the EU and exchequer co-funding to date.
|
EU Co-Financing |
National Contribution |
|
€66,734.17 |
€66,733.83 |
62. Deputy Carol Nolan asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications further to Parliamentary Question 51 of 16 July 2020, if his Department will assist in the provision of compensation to peat harvesting contractors that made significant investments in peat harvesting machinery prior to the sudden and unexpected announcement of the suspension of all peat harvesting for the 2020 season by Bord na Móna; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44732/20]
View answerI have no function in relation to commercial or operational decisions or activities, or the management of stock by Bord na Móna. Similarly, as Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications I have no remit in relation to the horticulture sector or the sourcing of peat for the sector. As set out in my reply to Question No. 205 of 10 December 2020, officials from my Department will engage with their counterparts in the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and other relevant Departments on the matter and on the potential longer term solutions for the sector.
In terms of direct support, it should be noted that my colleague, the Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine provides financial support to the sector through the Scheme of Investment for the Development of the Horticulture Sector.
63. Deputy Darren O'Rourke asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the status of the work of the Climate Action Forum (details supplied); the number of times the forum has met since its creation; the Ministers who have met under the forum since its creation; the projects that have been undertaken; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44763/20]
View answerIn December 2019 Ireland, Denmark and Sweden announced the creation of a Climate Action Forum in which the three countries would share ideas, information and best practice. The aim is to pool experience, offer leadership and encourage others to take action on global warming at European level. All three countries face similar challenges from climate change, and cooperation allows common solutions to be developed. All three countries fully support the enhanced ambition at EU level to increase the EU 2030 target to at least 55% emissions reduction compared to 1990 levels and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Ireland is one of 10 countries (including Denmark and Sweden) who signed a joint statement ahead of the European Council in December on strengthening EU climate ambition and agreeing on increasing the 2030 climate target to “at least 55 percent”.
In December, I took part in a webinar with colleagues from Sweden and Denmark where we discussed climate neutral targets and how the respective countries are approaching climate neutrality, including an overview of types of green initiatives in response to the European Green Deal.
In terms of Ireland’s climate ambition, the Programme for Government sets out our ambition to more than halve our carbon emissions over the course of the decade. The action we take in the coming years will be critical in order to address the climate crisis, which renders our current economic model redundant and threatens our safe future on this planet. I will lead on delivering our shared commitment to achieve an average 7% per annum reduction in overall greenhouse gas emissions from 2021 to 2030, and to achieving net zero emissions by 2050.
64. Deputy Darren O'Rourke asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the existing climate action responsibilities of local authorities; the devolved powers local authorities have in this area; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44766/20]
View answer68. Deputy Jim O'Callaghan asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if a citywide master plan for carbon reduction exists for Dublin; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44866/20]
View answerI propose to take Questions Nos. 64 and 68 together.
Local Authorities deliver key services to the public, either directly or in partnership with Government Departments and agencies. The position of Local Government, as the level of government closest to the citizen, also puts it in an effective position to provide local leadership on climate action through its links to various community networks.
In 2018, my Department entered into a five year financial commitment of €10 million to establish four Climate Action Regional Offices (CAROs), including the Dublin Metropolitan CARO.
The role of the CARO includes:
- Assisting the Local Authorities within their CARO region in preparing their own plans to respond to climate change.
- Developing education and awareness initiatives in driving the climate change agenda and contributing to climate dialogue on a local and regional basis.
Each Local Authority in the Dublin Metropolitan CARO has developed a detailed plan outlining the actions they will take in mitigating and adapting to the effects of climate change. Details can be found at: https://dublinclimatechange.codema.ie/
Under the National Adaptation Framework each local authority has developed and is implementing a local adaptation strategy. Each CARO is working with its Local Authorities to both facilitate and monitor implementation of the strategies’ local climate adaptation actions.
Under the Climate Action Plan 2019, a Climate Action Charter for Local Authorities was agreed between my Department and the Local Authorities. The Charter will ensure that every Local Authority embeds decarbonisation, sustainable development and climate resilience into every aspect of their work.
The Climate Action Bill further strengthens the role of Local Authorities in climate action. It sets out legislative requirements for each Local Authority to produce its own Climate Action Plan (covering both mitigation and adaptation) within eighteen months of the enactment of the Bill, and then subsequently at least once every five years.
To build the necessary capacity, my Department is also engaging with the CAROs in relation to the implementation of a new Local Authority climate action training programme. This programme will increase knowledge of climate change and action among all Local Authority staff, and will facilitate both climate mitigation and adaptation at local level.
65. Deputy Louise O'Reilly asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if his Department or State agencies under the aegis of his Department have awarded contracts to a company (details supplied); if so, the value of such contracts; if the contracts were tendered for; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44784/20]
View answerMy Department has not awarded contracts to the company in question. The information requested regarding the agencies under the aegis of my Department is an operational matter for each Agency. I will request the relevant bodies to reply directly to the Deputy with the information requested in respect of their organisation.
66. Deputy Marian Harkin asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the enforcement measures in place to monitor and deal with the sale and use of non-smokeless fuels in smokeless zones; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44846/20]
View answer67. Deputy Marian Harkin asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if there are plans to put in place a testing and enforcement regime to deal with the widespread air pollution from the burning of non-compliant fuel products; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44847/20]
View answerI propose to take Questions Nos. 66 and 67 together.
Under Regulation 10 of the Air Pollution Act (Marketing, Sale, Distribution and Burning of Specified Fuels) Regulations 2012, Local Authorities are responsible for the development of testing and enforcement plans in respect of the “smoky coal ban” within their functional areas. In order to fulfill their statutory functions in this regard, significant powers are available to Local Authorities, including the authority to:
- undertake inspections of premises and vehicles being used for the sale and distribution of solid fuel;
- bring prosecutions under the Air Pollution Act for breaches of the Regulations; and
- issue Fixed Payment Notices ranging from €250 to €1,000 for alleged offences relating to the marketing, sale and distribution of prohibited fuels in Low Smoke Zones.
The Programme for Government contains a commitment to further strengthen enforcement of the Regulations by developing a regional approach to air quality enforcement. A coordinated approach is required given the links between burning of solid fuels and the health effects of air pollution, as well as the potential for market distortion for businesses properly adhering to the regulations. Increased multi-agency inspections and enforcement, including the increased use of fixed payment notices, are required and my Department is fully committed to supporting Local Authorities in this regard.
Building on the success of other regional environmental enforcement models, I expect this Programme for Government commitment to be significantly progressed in the coming months.
69. Deputy Colm Burke asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if clarification of a timeline can be given for surveys to be carried out and for the commencement of works to begin under the national broadband plan in the Blarney, Tower and Kerry Pike areas of County Cork; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44909/20]
View answer78. Deputy Colm Burke asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications when the national broadband plan will be rolled out across County Cork by townland and yearly quarter in tabular form; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [45033/20]
View answer79. Deputy Colm Burke asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications when the national broadband plan is expected to be rolled out in Blarney, County Cork; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [45034/20]
View answer80. Deputy Colm Burke asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications when the national broadband plan is expected to be rolled out in Tower, County Cork; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [45035/20]
View answer81. Deputy Colm Burke asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications when the national broadband plan is expected to be rolled out in Kerry Pike, County Cork; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [45036/20]
View answer82. Deputy Colm Burke asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications when the national broadband plan is expected to be rolled out in Templemichael, White's Cross, County Cork; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [45037/20]
View answer83. Deputy Colm Burke asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications when the national broadband plan is expected to be rolled out in an area and at a location (details supplied); and if he will make a statement on the matter. [45040/20]
View answerI propose to take Questions Nos. 69 and 78 to 83, inclusive, together.
The National Broadband Plan (NBP) State led Intervention will be delivered by National Broadband Ireland (NBI) under a contract to roll out a high speed and future proofed broadband network within the Intervention Area which covers 1.1 million people living and working in the over 544,000 premises, including almost 100,000 businesses and farms along with 695 schools.
Surveying is the first step towards delivering the new fibre network and involves physically walking the routes and documenting images, notes and measurements of the poles, cables and underground ducts in each area. I am advised by NBI that, as of December 2020, over 153,000 premises across all counties have been surveyed which is ahead of the full year survey target of 120,000 that had been projected by the company.In County Cork there are 79,424 premises within the intervention area for the National Broadband Plan which includes premises in the locations referred to by the Deputy. Approximately 20% of premises have been surveyed with surveys complete in Midleton, Cullen, Templebreedy, Carrigaline, Ballyfoyle, Douglas, Ballyphehane, Glasheen, Mahon and Kilpatrick. Surveys have started in Ballydesmond, Kiskeam, Umeraboy, Knocknagree, Rineen, Cullen, Coolinarna, Millstreet, Hollymount and Caherbarnagh.
Significant build works are underway in Carrigaline, Fountainstown, Ballinhassig, Monkstown, and Upper Rochestown. I am also advised that NBI is targeting further surveying in Cork within the next 18 months.
Further details are available on specific areas within Cork through the NBI website which provides a facility for any premises within the intervention area to register their interest in being provided with deployment updates through its website www.nbi.ie. Individuals who register with this facility will receive regular updates on progress by NBI on delivering the network and specific updates related to their own premises when works are due to commence.
I am aware that concerns have been raised regarding the level of information available on the deployment of the NBI network and I am advised that NBI is working to provide more detail on its website, with a rolling update on network build plans.
Broadband Connection Points (BCPs) are a key element of the NBP providing high speed broadband in every county in advance of the roll out of the fibre to the home network. As of 21 December, 241 publicly accessible BCP sites have been installed by NBI and the high speed broadband service will be switched on in these locations through service provider contracts managed by the Department of Rural and Community Development. Bere Island Heritage Centre, Laharn Heritage Centre and Ballydaly Community Hall are BCPs which are now installed by NBI. Ballindangan Community Centre, Aghabullogue Community Centre, Castletownkenneigh Community Centre, Lissavard Community Centre, Whitechurch Community Centre and T.O. Park Labbamollaga are now installed and connected. Further details can be found at https://nbi.ie/bcp-locations/.
Clogagh and Ballycroneen National School are planned by NBI for educational access as part of this initiative. My Department continues to work with the Department of Education to prioritise other schools with no high speed broadband, within the intervention area for connection over the term of the NBP. In this regard, an acceleration of this aspect of the National Broadband Plan has just been announced which will see some 679 primary schools connected to high speed broadband by 2022, well ahead of the original target delivery timeframe of 2026. Further details are available on the NBI website at https://nbi.ie/primary-schools-list/
70. Deputy Pádraig O'Sullivan asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the status of the implementation of an action plan to ensure the sustainability of the existing post office network; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44968/20]
View answerI am aware of the importance of maintaining a post office network in our society. However I also know that the serious decline in mail volumes and the impact of Covid-19 on footfall through post offices has had a severe impact on the postal network and the revenue being generated for postmasters. I have met with representatives of the Irish Postmasters Union (IPU) on a number of occasions to discuss the matters raised in the Grant Thornton report which was commissioned by the IPU.
A lot of work has been done over the past few years to develop the network and this has had a positive effect for both postmasters and customers. This momentum needs to be maintained and if An Post, the postmasters and Government work together we can ensure that the network can emerge as a central hub for a wide variety of valuable community-focused services.
Government believes An Post has untapped potential to do more and make a further significant contribution across many areas of public, business and community life in Ireland. We are working closely with An Post to see if there is scope to channel additional services through the network. As with any business the post office needs to develop commercial strategies to enable it to grow and maintain its relevance for its users. All options will be considered fully and efforts will be redoubled to give effect to our commitment to ensuring a sustainable and viable post office network.
In the circumstances, there are no proposals to introduce a Government funded subsidy for the post office network.
71. Deputy Fergus O'Dowd asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if the EPA has permanent air quality testing systems on site in Drogheda, County Louth or hinterlands; if not, the reason the largest town in Ireland does not have this in place; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44978/20]
View answerThe operation of the Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme (AAMP) network, including the selection of sites for monitoring stations, is the responsibility of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). I have been informed by the EPA that a permanent Tier 2 air quality monitoring station is due to be installed in Drogheda in the first half of this year. Furthermore, the EPA in co-operation with Louth County Council has already established a new monitoring station in Dundalk as part of the national network expansion under the AAMP. Data from this station and the overall national network is available on www.airquality.ie.
72. Deputy Robert Troy asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if fibre broadband will be supplied without further delay to a housing estate (details supplied). [44986/20]
View answer73. Deputy Robert Troy asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the status of the availability of fibre broadband to a property (details supplied). [45002/20]
View answer74. Deputy Robert Troy asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the status of the provision of fibre broadband to a property (details supplied). [45004/20]
View answer75. Deputy Robert Troy asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the status of the availability of fibre broadband to a property (details supplied). [45005/20]
View answer76. Deputy Robert Troy asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the status of the provision of fibre broadband to a property (details supplied). [45006/20]
View answer77. Deputy Robert Troy asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications when Rathconrath, County Westmeath, specifically a location, (details supplied) will avail of efibre broadband. [45017/20]
View answer91. Deputy Robert Troy asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications when an area (details supplied) will be able to avail of efibre broadband. [1319/21]
View answerI propose to take Questions Nos. 72 to 77, inclusive, and 91 together.
The Questions refer to premises which are located in the AMBER area on the National Broadband Plan (NBP) High Speed Broadband Map which is available on my Department's website at www.broadband.gov.ie. The AMBER area represents the area to be served by the network to be deployed under the NBP State led intervention, the contract for which was signed in November 2019 with National Broadband Ireland (NBI). I appreciate people's frustration when they are living so close to a fibre network but cannot get a connection to that network, particularly given the heightened importance of connectivity during the Covid-19 pandemic. The NBP will ensure that in all such cases a future proofed high speed broadband network will be built to serve these premises and work to deliver on this is underway.
I am advised by NBI that, as of December 2020, over 153,000 premises across all counties have been surveyed which is ahead of the full year survey target of 120,000 that had been projected by the company. Surveys have been completed in County Westmeath in the areas of Mullingar, Sonna, Stonehall, Taghmon, Jamestown, Hopestown and Athlone. The next step is for NBI to develop network designs to deliver the new fibre to the home network to these premises, followed by pre build and build works.
Further details are available on specific areas within Counties Westmeath through the NBI website which provides a facility for any premises within the intervention area to register their interest in being provided with deployment updates through its website www.nbi.ie. Individuals who register with this facility will receive regular updates on progress by NBI on delivering the network and specific updates related to their own premises as works commence. I am aware that concerns have been raised regarding the level of information available on the deployment of the NBI network and I am advised that NBI is working to provide more detail on its website, with a rolling update on network build plans.Broadband Connection Points (BCPs) are a key element of the NBP providing high speed broadband in every county in advance of the roll out of the fibre to the home network. As of 21 December, 241 sites have been installed by NBI and the high speed broadband service will be switched on in these locations through service provider contracts managed by the Department of Rural and Community Development for publicly available sites and by the Department of Education for schools. BCPs locations installed in Westmeath include Streete Parish Park and Community Hall, Whitehall Community Centre, Milltown Emper Community Centre and Ballycomoyle GAA Club which are due to be connected in the coming months. Further details can be found at https://nbi.ie/bcp-locations/. Scoil Náisiúnta Bhride in Co Westmeath is connected for educational access as part of this initiative. My Department continues to work with the Department of Education to prioritise other schools with no high speed broadband, within the intervention area for connection over the term of the NBP. In this regard, an acceleration of this aspect of the National Broadband Plan has just been announced which will see some 679 primary schools connected to high speed broadband by 2022, well ahead of the original target delivery timeframe of 2026.
84. Deputy Darren O'Rourke asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications further to Parliamentary Question No. 165 of 26 November 2020, if his attention has been drawn to the fact that it is estimated that approximately 30,000 new and corrected Eircodes are currently missing from a service (details supplied) and that some members of the public have been reporting that due to the fact that their code is missing they have not been able to avail of some commercial services; if he will invoke his specific oversight authority under the Communications Regulation (Postal Services Act) 2011 to consider specific non-postal services related uses of the national postcode in order to address this anomaly; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [45074/20]
View answer86. Deputy Darren O'Rourke asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications further to Parliamentary Question No. 165 of 26 November 2020, his plans to instruct his Department to immediately proceed with the well-resourced national campaign to raise awareness regarding privacy dangers associated with the use of Eircode as recommended in the Privacy Impact Assessment for Eircode that was carried out by a company (details supplied) in 2015 under contract to his Department; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [45103/20]
View answerI propose to take Questions Nos. 84 and 86 together.
Capita Business Support Services Ireland, trading as Eircode, was awarded a 10 year contract in December 2013 to develop, implement, maintain and promote the National Postcode System "Eircode".
The Eircode Finder, is a free to use website that members of the public and businesses use to find Eircodes for addresses and to get directions to address locations using the Eircode website like a SatNav. Since the launch in July 2015, Eircode usage, as part of an address, continues to grow and is used widely among the public, businesses and public sector. This, in part, can be seen by use statistics of the free Eircode Finder website with almost 80 million lookups since launch in 2015 and an average daily lookup rate in November 2020 of 103,933.
Eircodes are assigned to new property addresses using a valid postal address and verified geo-locations. An Post collects information on new and existing buildings, as well as changes to existing addresses and Ordnance Survey Ireland provides the geo-locations for these buildings. An Post GeoDirectory, a subsidiary company of An Post and Ordnance Survey Ireland, issue a new release of the GeoDirectory database file on a quarterly basis to Eircode in accordance with their licence agreement.
Each new postal address assigned an Eircode is published on the Eircode Finder website, a notification letter is issued to the property occupant containing the Eircode of that address and an updated Eircode Database is provided to licenced businesses for their use. Eircode have informed my Department that over 128,700 property addresses have been assigned an Eircode since the launch in 2015.
Capita have informed my Department that once the Eircode database is updated they provide updates to commercial operations each quarter in line with the terms of their licence agreements. The timely release of each quarterly update is consistent across all licenced businesses, including the application referred to by the Deputy. Businesses using eircodes are obliged to abide by the terms of their licences and to comply with any general legal obligations such as data protection.
85. Deputy Seán Haughey asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if his attention has been drawn to the services provided by a company (details supplied) for the recycling of problematic waste; if such services have a role to play in the efforts to recycle difficult waste generally; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [45092/20]
View answerWaste management services in Ireland are provided by many individual operators, all of whom are subject to waste permit or licencing requirements and compliance with all other applicable environmental and other relevant legislation. My role as Minister is to set the overall policy and regulatory framework within which statutory authorities regulate and service providers operate. It would not be appropriate for me in my role as Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications to comment on any individual service provider. I published our new national waste policy for the period 2020-2025, “A Waste Action Plan for a Circular Economy” in September 2020. This plan contains a range of measures to reform and strengthen waste management with a greater focus on prevention through product design and consumer choice. The measures outlined in the Waste Action Plan will ensure that we continue to meet our European targets for waste and will reflect the level of ambition in the waste and climate areas at EU level.
The Waste Action Plan contains a number of measures which will assist in the management of problematic waste streams including a drive towards higher levels of segregation of waste streams to support investment in treatment capacity and a commitment to formalising the role of civic amenity sites and agreeing a standardised list of waste streams accepted at such sites.
