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Dáil Éireann díospóireacht -
Wednesday, 31 Mar 1937

Vol. 66 No. 1

Committee on Finance. - Vote 45—Office of the Minister for Education.

Tairgim:—

Go ndeontar suim na raghaidh thar £118,788 chun slánuithe na suime is gá chun íoctha an Mhuirir a thiocfaidh chun bheith iníoctha i rith na bliana dar críoch an 31adh lá de Mhárta, 1938, chun Tuarastail agus Costaisí Oifig an Aire Oideachais.

Ó Bhóta 45 go dtí 50—agus an dá Bhóta sin féin san áireamh—tá £4,635,508 measta mar lán-chostas ghlan na seirbhís oideachais le h-aghaid bhliana a 1937-38, agus tá an tsuim sin níos mó ná suim bhliana a 1931-32 fé £146,560. Ins na Bhótaí do Mheadhon-Oideachas agus do Cheard-Oideachas atá an mhór-chuid de'n bhreis. I Bhóta an Mheadhon-Oideachais, tá £92,445 do bhreis ar shuim bhliana a 1931-32. Tá dhá adhbhar mhóra le sin (1) méadú de bheith ag teacht, i n-aghaidh na bliana, ar líon na mac-léighinn admhálta a níocthar deóntais cheanntsraithe ar a son, agus (2) méadú, freisin, do bheith ag teacht ar líon na múinteóir a bhfuil breis tuarastail iníoctha leo. Tá Bhóta an Cheard-Oideachais níos mó fá £82,776, ná mar bhí sé i mblian a 1931-32. Breis ar na deóntais bhliantúla do choistí gairmoideachais an fáth is mó atá le sin, agus tá an bhreis sin le h-íoc mar gheall ar na deóntais áiteamhla do bheith níos mó ná an minimum atá leagtha amach ag Acht Gairm-Oideachais a 1930. Caithfear bheith ag súil le méadú mar sin do bheith ann do ghnáth. Ós a chomhair sin, tá an Meastachán do Bhun-Oideachais níos lugha, fá £38,687, ná mar bhí suim bhliana a 1931-32.

Ó Bhóta 45 go dtí Bhóta 50—Agus an dá Bhóta sin san áireamh—tá an Meastachán seo níos mó, fá £34,744, ná mar bhí suim bhliana a 1936-37. Tá £7,926 do mheadú sa Bhóta do Oifig an Aire. An ghnáth-bhreis tuarastal, agus soláthar do thuilleadh áirithe feadhmannach, an dá nídh is mór-adhbhar do'n méid sin. Tá £6,332 de laghdú déanta ar an Meastachán do Bhun-Oideachas. Do laghaduigh costas na gcolaiste oileamhna, agus meastar go dtiocfaidh laghdú eile, fós, ar líon na mac-lighinn i gcoláistí na bhfear, agus go dtiocfaidh costas na ndaltaoidí anuas, ar an adhbhar nach ndéanfar a thuilleadh aca sin do cheapadh feasta. Le n-a chois sin, tháinig £13,830 de laghdú ar chostas tuarastal na n-oide scoile agus na ndeóntas ceanntsraithe, agus is é an fáth is mó atá le sin líon na n-oide do bheith níos lugha mar gheall ar an meadhointinnreamh do bheith ag tuitim. Is cóir a thabhairt fé deara go bhfuil £3,000 do mhéadú ar an soláthar le h-aghaidh aois-liúntas oide scoile. Tá an costas seo ag méadú leis go buan, ar siocair pinsiona do réir tuarastal beag do bheith ag éag agus pinsiona do réir tuarastal níos áirde do bheith ag teacht chun íocaidheachta.

Tá an Meastacháin do mheadhonoideachas níos mó, fá £12,870, ná mar bhí suim bhliana a 1935-36. Tá £2,800 do mhéadú ar na deontais cheanntsraithe, ar an adhbhar gur mhéaduigh líon na mac-léighinn. Nidh eile do chuaidh i méid is eadh an deóntas do Scoltacha Gaedhilge agus do Scoltacha Dhá-Theangacha, óir mhéaduigh uimhir na scoltach sin, agus mhéaduig líon a gcuid mac-léighinn. Tá £5,800 do mhéadú ar chostas na ndeóntas le h-aghaidh breis tuarastal, agus is iad seo na neithe is príomh-adhbhar de sin:—

(1) An ghnáth-bhreis tuarastal do réir an scála;

(2) A thuilleadh mac-léighinn admhálta do bheith ann, agus, dá réir sin, a thuilleadh múinteóir a bhfuil breiseanna iníoctha leo;

(3) A thuilleadh múinteóir do bheith ann a bhfuil breis speisialta iníoctha leo, mar gheall ar theagasc tré Ghaedhilg.

Maidir leis an Bhóta do cheardoideachas, tá sé £19,634 níos mó ná mar bhí suim bhliana a 1936-37, ach ina thaobh sin, caithfear gan a dhearmad go dtáinig méadú maith ar na Stáit-deontais, ar an adhbhar gur h-árduigheadh na deontais áitiúla ós cionn an mhinimum do shocair Acht an Ghairm-Oideachais.

An Bhóta do eólaidheacht agus ealadhantacht, tá sé £6,026 níos mó ná mar bhí sé anuraidh. I dteanta neithe eile, tá soláthar dhá dhéanamh ann do phostaí i scoltachá Gréasa, Péinteireachta agus Snoigheadóireachta an Choláiste Náisiúnta Ealadhan, agus soláthar do chostais bhreise a bhaineas le clódóireacht agus cumhdú foillsiúchán Ghaedhilge, le h-íocaidheachta do lucht aistriucháin, do chumadoirí ceóil, do eagarthóirí láim-scríbheann (atá i n-Acadamh Ríoghdha na h-Eireann), agus le cánacha aghdar agus mion-chostais eile d'íoc. Tá £5,380 de laghdú ar an Bhóta do scoltacha ceartúcháin agus scoltacha saothair i bhfarradh 's mar bhí sin i mbliadna 1936-37. Is é is príomhfháth le sin go dtáinig laghdú, le do nó trí de bhliana, ar líon na bpáiste ins na scoltacha saothair, agus, do réir sin, gur chóir an deóntas ceanntsraithe do laghdú.

Maidir le tinnreamh na mbunscoltach, féadtar a rádh go geinearálta gur fheidhmigh an t-Acht go maith i mblian a 1935-36. I gcomórtas leis an mbliain roimhe sin, thainig laghdú anbheag ar an tinnreamh—3% de na paistí go léir, agus 0.5 de na páistí a mbaineann an t-Acht leó—is é sin páistí ó 6 bliana go dtí 14 bliana d'aois. Má tá, laghaduigh an tinnreamh go mór le linn na doininne agus an tsneachta agus an tseach do bhí ann sa ráithe ar dheireadh bhí an 31adh de'n Mhárta, 1936. I scoil-bhlian a 1936, bhí an tinnreamh, i gCathair Chorcaighe de réir 89% de na páistí a mbaineann an t-Acht leo, agus ba é sin an tinnreamh b'áirde sa chéad do rinneadh i gCondae ná i mBuirg ar bith. O sin anuas, bhí Cathair Phort Lairge—86.4, Cathair Bhaile Atha Cliath—85.9, agus Condae Chorcaighe agus Condae Phort Láirge—85.8 agus Condae Chill Choinnigh 85.5. I gcomórtas leis an mblian roimh ré, mhéaduigh an tinnreamh i n-aon cheann déag de na Condaetha nó Condae-Bhuirgí, agus laghaduigh sé go beag i naoi geinn déag aea.

Nuair do bhí Meastacháin na bliana seo thart dá gcur in bhur láthair, rinneadh trácht ar an mhór-obair do bhí le déanamh, maidir is tógáil agus deisiú bun-scoltach ar fud na tíre, agus tráchtadh ar a rabh le déanamh i mBaile Atha Cliath, maidir le scoltacha do chur ar fáil do pháistí ar h-athruigheadh a muinntearacha ó lár na cathrach amach do dhí áiteacha comhnaidhe atá ins na h-imeall-bhordaí. An bhliain seo thart, do cuireadh suim mhaith leis an stáit-deóntas chun tithe scoile do thógáil agus do dheisiú. I mblian airgeadais a 1935-36, deónuigheadh £222,018 chun tithe nua scoile do dhéanamh agus chun seantithe scoile d'fhairsingiú nó d'aithdhéanamh. Is é rud orduigheas na riaghalacha gur £2 de dheóntas is cóir do'n Stát a thabhairt uaidh de ghnáth, ós comhair gach £1 dá gcuirtear ar fáil go h-áitiúl. Mar sin de, tá cuid mháith de'n obair seo i dtuilleamaidhe an chonganta áitiúl atá riachtanach do bheith le fáil; agus dá mhéad dá ndearnadh de thithe scoile, bheadh a thuilleadh déanta, dá gcuirthí an congnamh áitiúl ar fáil go lán-sásúil ar fud na tíre.

I naimhdheóin á bhfuil déanta, tá a lán tithe scoile i ndroch-chaoi fós. Sé barúil na gcigirí go bhfuil 10 nó 15 fá'n gcéad de na scoltacha i gceanntracha áithride atá mío-oiriúnach, ionnus gur gádh tithe nua do chur 'na n-ionad. Is leor i gcoitchinne a bhfuil de scoltacha ar fud na tíre. Tá tithe scoile fairsinge nua dhá gcur suas ar imeallaibh Baile Atha Cliath (agus timcheall Corcaighe leis) mar a bhfuil cuid mhór tithe comnuighthe dá dtógáil ag Comhairle na Cathrach do na daoine atá dhá dtabhairt annsin ó lár na cathrach. A trí nó a ceathair de bhlianta ó sin, ba mhinic gearán fá easbaidh spáis 'sna scoltacha i lár na cathrach; agus deirtí go raibh páistí ar na sráideanna toisc gur theip ortha fáil isteach i scoil ar bith. Ach tá athrú ar fad air sin anois ó d'imthigh cuid mhaith teaghlach as an gcathair go dtí na tithe nua. Tá cuid de na h-oidí ins na sean-scoltacha cathrach i bpeiriacal a bpost a chailliad agus an dul i laighead atá ar an méid páistí ar na rollaí le tamall.

Maidir le deisiúchán agus maisiúchán na dtithe scoile, tá an scéal mar bhí sé riamh. Tá a lán bainisteoirí ann atá an dúthrachtach san ní seo agus ghnidh siad a ndícheall le na ndualgas a choimhlíonadh ar gach uile shlighe; ach tá uimhir mhór díobh ann ata faillightheach san ngnó so agus is beag beann leo cé'n bhail atá ar na tithe scoile fá na gcúram. Ní dhéanaidh mion-deisiúchán nuair a bhíos gádh leis agus i gcionn roinnt bliadhan, bíonn cuma na faillighe ar na tithe. Ró-annamh a chuirid péint ar an adhmad ná dathú ar na ballaí go tráthúil, i riocht is go mbíonn na dóirse agus na fuinneoga ag lobhadh ó-n taise agus an foirgneamh tré chéile ag dul i léig. Deirtear go bhfuil scoltacha ann nár cuireadh péint ortha i gcaitheamh fiche bliadhan. Is annamh a cuirtear blátha agus tuir mhaiseacha ag fás ar aghaidh na scoile amach nó i mboscaí ar na fuinneoga. Agus ní ró-mhinic a chitear pictiúirí geala feileamhnacha ar na ballaí. Ní coinnightear clóis scoltach de ghnáth mar ba chóir agus ní cuirtear caoi ar na casáin. De réir tuairisce samhluigheann sé go bhfuil deallramh níos measa ar go leór de na tithe scoile ná mar a bhí riamh. Ar chaoi ar bith ní féidir a rádh go bhfuil aon tionnrodh mór chun feabhais le sonnrú.

Cuireadh amach cearcalán oifigiúl chuig bainisteóiri agus múinteóirí ghá ngríosadh chun aire do thabhairt do ghlanadh na gcúltithe. Ach do réir tuairiscí na gcigirí, is beag toradh atá ann dá bhárr. Is ionlochtuighthe an déanamh atá ar go leór de na cúltighthe ar fud na tuaithe agus is doiligh daoine d'fháil le na geartadh. Ins na bailte móra agus áit ar bith a bhfuil cóir uisce ní cloistear gearán de ghnáth. Ach pé áit a bhfuil camracha tiorma is annamh a úsáidtear cré thirm go laetheamhail agus bíonn boladh bréan ag éirghe aníos dá heasbaidh. Is contabhairteach don tsláinte an chaoi a mbíonn siad. Seo mar a scríobhann duine de na Roinn-Chigirí fán rud so:—

"Níl feabhas ar bith ar na cúltighthe tiorma agus deir cigire amháin gur scannal don náisiún iad faoi'n dtuaith. Ní hannamh go bhfágtar na clóiseanna gan ghlanadh agus gan chré acht is ró-mhinic a déantar faillighe chomh mór san ortha nach féidir d'aoinne dul isteach ionnta in aon chor. Tá scoileanna ann nach bhfuil cúltighthe d'aon tsórt acu gidh go mbíonn buachaillí móra agus cailíní móra ag freastal ortha gach lá; coir in aghaidh na sibhialtachta is eadh é sin, agus tá sé thar am deireadh do chur leis an neamart aidhbhéal, ar ais nó ar éigin."

I rith an ama, tá suim dha cur ag an Roinn sa mhór-obair speisialta úd a bhaineas le Cathair Bhaile Átha Cliath. I mbliadhain a 1935-36, cuireadh fá thuairim £60,000 de dheóntais ar fagháil le tighthe scoile do dhéanamh agus d'fheabhsughadh sa Chondae-Bhuirg. Tá dlúthas mór dhá chur leis na scéimeanna chun tighthe comhnaidhe do sholáthar do dhaoine atá i n-áruis chumhanga i lár na cathrach, agus caithfear obair dhian do dhéanamh chun scoltacha do chur ar faghail go réasúnta do na pháistí a bhéas ina gcomhnaidhe ins na tighthe nuadha sin. Gach duine agus gach dream a mbaineann an obair leo, ní mór doibh iarracht sáir-dhícheallach do dhéanamh le n-a cur i gerích. Tá glactha le scéimeanna chun a tuilleadh tighthe scoile do dhéanamh sa Chondae-Bhuirg, agus tá siad dá ndéanamh i geeanntair áirithe anois féin.

Cúis imnidhe do'n Roinn an méid oide nach féidir leó obair d'fhagháil ins na Bun-scoltacha. Le cuid mhaith bliadhanta thart ní raibh postaí le fagháil ag a lán de na fear-oidí i n-éis a dtréineála, agus, ar na mallaibh, tá cuid de na ban-oidí sa chás chéadna. An rud is príomh-adhbhar do seo, rinneadh mórán cainnte air le goirid. Is é sin an laghadughadh atá ag teacht ar an meadhoin-tinnreamh i n-áiteacha tuaithe. Táthar ag déanamh díthchill leis an scéal seo do léigheas chomh maith agus is féidir, agus le n-a aghaidh sin, ba léir go gcaithfidhe gan a oiread adhbhar oide do leigean isteach ins na Coláistí Oileamhna. Tá socrughadh déanta dá reir sin, agus táthar ag smuaineadh ar riaghlacha eile do dhéanamh mar gheall ar an scéal céadna. Ach, taobh amuigh de'n fhaithchill seo, tá neithe áirithe ann cheana is dóiche bheith ina gcúis le gan a oiread oide do bheith ar easbhaidh oibre agus le gan laghadughadh buan do choinneáil ar líon na ndaoine a leigfear chun tréineála—rud do caithfidhe a dhéanamh, dá maireadh an scéal mar tá sé. Sa chéad chás de, tá an riaghail a bheireas ar ban-oidí éirghe as an múinteóireacht tráth póstar iad, má's nidh gur tar éis an ladh de Iúl, 1934, do fuair siad a gcéad phosta seasta. Níor bh'fhéidir don riaghail sin athrughadh mór ar bith do dhéanamh go fóill, dar ndóigh; ach, le h-imtheacht aimsire, béidh a thuilleadh posta folamh dá barr. I gcás na bhfear féin, is féidir go mbéidh beagán postaí sa bhreis le fagháil, ar an adhbhar gur dócha cuid de na ban-oidí do bheith ag éirghe as an múinteóireacht mar gheall ar na riaghlacha fá leith a bhaineas le ceapadh oidí do chineálacha áirithe scoltach. Ina dteannta sin, tá molta an Choiste do bhreathnuigh cúrsaí na Scoltacha Ceartucháin agus na Scoltacha Saothair. Má chuirtear i ohfeidhm, maidir leó seo, na coingheallacha a bhaineas le cáilidheachta oidí na mBun-Scoil, is léir go dtabharfaidh sin obair, de réir a chéile, do fhir agus do mhná do tréineáileadh ina n-oidí de Bhun-Scoltacha.

Mar sin féin, tá an cheist chomh mór leathadach sin agus nach leór leis an Roinn fanamhaint le toradh na riaghlach seo a dubhairt me. Ní h-é amháin go bhfuiltear ag leanamhaint do na cosca do bhí ann cheana, ach táthar ag cur a thuilleadh i bhfeidhm mar gheall ar líon na n-oide do thabhairt i gcomhthromacht leis an riachtanas. Ceann amháin de na riaghlacha seo eile, troimeascann sé glacadh feasta mar Oidí Bun-Scoil le fir ná le mná do tréineáileadh taobh amuigh de Shaorstát Eireann.

Maidir leis na Fó-Mhaighistreasaí Conganta, is riachtanach, dar leis an Roinn, gan a oiread aca do bheith dhá n-admháil gach bliadhain, agus tá riaghlacháin scrúduighthe déanta le n-a agaidh sin. Béidh feabhas níos airde ag teastáil i mbéal-scrúdughadh na Gaedhilge, agus stadfar de'n nós do bhí ann roimhe seo leigean do iomaitheóirí áirithe dul faoí scrúdughadh athuair i n-adhbhair do theip ortha roimh ré. Fuagradh go mbéadh an dá riaghail sin i bhfeidhm i mbliadhain a 1938, agus fuagradh, freisin, go gcoinneóchadh an Roinn de cheart aca féin laghadughadh, de réir riachtanais, do dhéanamh, i mbliadhain ar bith, ar an lion iomaitheóir do bhéadh ion-ghlactha as an méid do dhéanfadh coingheallacha an scrúduighthe do coimhlíonadh.

Maidir leis an obair sna scoltachaí, is léir ó chonntaisí na gcigirí go bhfuil mór-chuid na noidí mar bhíodar riamh dílis agus fonnmhar ag tabhairt teagaisc mhaith agus deagh-oileamhainte dá gcuid daltaí. Taobh amuigh díobh san atá ar bheagán Gaedhilge— agus tá a líon san ag dul i lagadh ó bhliadhain go chéile—táid na h-oidí go léir agus a ndóthain eolais aca chun a bhfuil do dhualgaisí ortha do choimhlíonadh. Caitheann a bhfurmhór cuid mhaith dúthrachta le na saothair in oileamhaint agus i dteagase na bpáistí, agus is féidir a rádh go bhfuil an toradh ar foghnamh i gcoitchinne. Tá roinnt de na h-oidí nach ndéanann obair chómh éifeachtamhail is d'fhéadfaidís ach cur chuige ar mhodha ní ba tuigseanaighe agus machtnamh a dhéanamh ar riachtanaisí an chláir agus ar an gcaoi is fearr chun a dteagasc a chur in oireamhaint do na páistí ó bhliadhain go bliadhain agus ceachta dá réir sin d'ullmhú ó ló go ló. Ag cur síos ar an rud so deir cigire:—

"Tá beagán de na h-oidí fós ann nach dtuigeann cad is ullmhúchán ann seachas crothán do nótaí seachránacha a bhreacadh síos gan machtnamh ar fhorfhás an ádhbhair nó ar fhigheadh na gceachtann as a chéile. Bheirtear fá deara go ró-mhinic go leagann oide scéim oibre amach i dtosach na scoil-bhliadhna ach i gcionn tamaill ghníonn sé faillighe ann, i slighe nach cabhair ar bith don teagasc an scéim agus nach bhfuil ann ach scríbhinn le cur ós comhair an chigire. Cuirtear cuid mhór ama amudha le teagasc scaoilte gan cinnteacht cuspóra."

Níl ach fíor bheagán de na h-oidí a áirmhtear mar oidí gan éifeacht. Seo leanas fó-chéadas na h-oidí i Saorstat Eireann do réir na réimeann atá faighte aca ins na mór-thuairiscí:— An-Eifeachtach 27.7; Eifeachtach 68.2; Gan Eifeacht 4.1.

Tá an uimhir múinteóiri a bhfuil láncháilidheacht san nGaedhilg aca .i. iad san a bhfuil an teastas dá-theangach nó an t-ard teastas aca, ag dul i méid ó bhliadhain go chéile. Ní áirmhtear ach na h-oidí a bhfuil an teastas dá-theangach ar a laghaid aca mar oidí arbh fhéidir a rádh le cinnteacht go bhfuil sé ar a gcumas an clárscoile i na iomlán do chóimhlíonadh, .i. a mbéadh ar a gcumas na h-ádhbhair fré chéile a mhúineadh tré Ghaedhilg áit a bhfuil a ndóthan Gaedhilge chuige sin foghlumtha ag na páistí. Seo thíos an fóchéadas de na h-oidí a bhfuil gach cineál teastais aca:—An t-Ard-teastas 6.5; an Teastas Dá-theangach 47.6; an teastas 28.6; gan teastas ar bith 17.3.

Furmhór de na daoine atá gan teastas is daoine iad atá aosta, agus do réir mar imthigheas siad as an seirbhis, tagann daoine óga i na nionad atá lánoilte ar an nGaedhilg. Fuair an chuid is mó díobhtha so a gcuid oideachais ar fad tré Ghaedhilg agus ba cheart dóchas a bheith ag Gaedhil go néireochaidh leo siúd an Ghaedhilg a chur i nuachtar san tír seo i gcaitheamh aimsire. Ach tá duine de na Roinnchigirí gan bheith ró-mhuinghíneach as an dream óg, agus labhrann sé fútha mar leanas:—

"Na h-oidí óga a bhfuil a ndóthain Gaedhilge aca, agus a fuair oideachas lán-Ghaedhealach ó thús, ceapfaí go bhfeicfí iad go léir i lár baill i ngach áit i na mbeadh Gaedhealachas dá shaothrú, ag múineadh agus ag mealladh daoine le fórsa a sompla, ach ní mar sin atá go fóill."

I rith na scoil-bliadhna 1934-35 rinneadh an clár scoile d'éadtromú. Gearántai air na bliadhanta roimhe sin go raibh riachtanaisí an chláir ró-throm chun caoi cheart a bheith ag na múinteoiri leis an nGaedhilg a chur chun cinn mar ba chóir.

'Sé baramhail furmhór na gcigirí go bhfuil feabhas tagaithe ar mhúineadh na Gaedhilge de bhárr éadtromú an Cláir, de bhárr an chabhair a gheibh na h-oidí as na Notaí do mhúinteoirí. agus be bharr muinteoirí óga atá oilte go maith san teangaidh bheith á gceapadh i nionad meanoidí a chuaidh ar phinsiún. Nílid ar aon intinn gur socar do'n Ghaedhilg a rinne an tathrú ar an gClár. Tá roinnt de na cigirí nach léir dóibh aon fheabhas dá bhárr. Is dócha go bhfuil breitheamhnas chóir a thabhairt ag an Roinn-Chigire a chuir síos ar an gceist mar leanas:—

"Tá an clár nua ag cuidiú go mór leis an nGaedhilg in aon scoil in a bhfuil a ndóthain Gaedhilge ag na hoidí chun a chuspóir do chur i gcrich. Tá scoileanna eile ann, amhthach, scoileanna in a bhfuil na hoidí ar bheagán Gaedhilge, agus is é deifridheacht a rinne an clár nua an cúrsa léighinn do laghdú go mór gan aon mhaith in aon chor do dheanamh do'n Ghaedhilg."

Sé tuairim na gcigirí fré chéile gur mhór an chabhair do na múinteoiri na "Nótaí do Mhúinteoirí," iad sin a ghnidh staidéar cruinn ortha agus a chuireas a gcomhairle i gcrich. Ach tá roinnt mhaith oidí ann nach gcuireann aon stró ortha féin na Nótaí do scrúdú agus beart dá réir do dhéanamh. Ní leagaid amach scéimeanna tuigscanacha i gcaoi go mbeadh néithe áitride—puinntí gramadaighe, cora cainnte, leathnú stór focal—le teagasc ó sheachtmhain agus go leanfaidh cúrsa bliadhna amháin ar chúrsa na bliadhna dár gcionn. Ní dhéanaid aithdheanamh ar an obair go féilteamhail. Ní bhíonn aon órd ealadhanta ar a gcuid teagaisc. Ní thugaid sompla maith do na páistí ag baint úsáide as an nGaedhilg gach uair a bhíos rud la rádh aca taobh amuigh de'n teagasc. Go leor de na hoidí ni bhíonn ar siubhal aca ach síorcheistiú agus an fhreagairt chéadna ag na páistí i gcaoi nach feidhm nadúrtha a baintear as an teangaidh. Amannta bítear ró-shásta le haon tsaghas freagra agus ní ceartuightear na lochta. Ní cuirtear suim i bhfoghraidheacht ná i gcruinneas abairte. Ach sé an rud is measa ag oidi de'n chineál so nach gcuirid gradh do'n Ghaedhilg ná do'n tír i gcroidhe an pháiste, ach a mhalairt go minic, mar is baoghalach nach bhfuil a gcroidhe féin san gcúis.

Ach scoil ar bith a bhfuil múinteoirí dioghraiseacha tuigseanacha ionnta, ni bhionn aon rian d'easbaidh duthrachta ar na daltaí agus is mór an dul 'un tosaigh a bhíos le breathnú ar an obair ó bhliadhain go chéile.

Ní féidir bheith ró-shásta leis an dul chun cinn in a lán scol i mBaile Átha Claith agus ins na contaethe timcheall air. Seo sleachta as tuairiscí na Roinn-Chigirí a bhfuil an limistéar fán na gcuram:—

(1) "Tá furmhór na gCigirí míshásta leis an ndul chun cinn atá a dhéanamh ag na naoidheanaín i labhairt na Gaedhilge, agus tá mór-chuid d'oidí na cathrach ag gearán i dtaobh a luighead eolais ar Ghaedhilg a bhíonn ag na páistí ag teacht chuca na naoidh-scoileanna."

(2) "Caithfidh mé a rádh go bhfuil labhairt na aGedhilge lag go leor ins na hocht gceanntair seo.... Ní bhíonn na páistí i ndon de ghnáth an teanga do labhairt ag fágháil na scoile dhóibh. Ní bhíonn an foclóir aca chuige sin, agus ní bhíonn líomhthacht ná cruinneas ná comas cainnte aca, agus teipeann ar an gcuid is mó aca cunntas cruinn tuigseanach a thabhairt ar rudaí bunadhasacha simplí. Meascann siad aimsireacha na mbriathar i gcaoí a cuirfeadh éadóchas ar dhuine."

Do réir gach tuairisce tá feabhas ag teacht ar staid na Gaedhilge san nGaedhealtacht ó cuireadh scéim an dá phúnt i bhfeidhm. "Is léir," arsa cigire "gur stop an deontas an meath san Ghaedhealtacht agus san Bhreach-Ghaedhealtacht." Bhí trácht fada ar an gceist seo i dtuarasgabháil deiridh na Roinne agus is beag athrú a tháinig ar an scéal ó shoin. Is mall réidh atá an Ghaedhilg ag fairsingiá mar ghléas múinte, agus ní féidir bheith ag súil le haon fhás mhór bheith fuithe go ceann roinnt blian do réir mar bhéas oidí a bhfuil lánchailidheacht Gaedhilge aca ag dul i líonmhaireacht. Tá mór-chuid de na h-oidí a bhfuil eolas maith ar an nGaedhilg aca ag déanamh a ndíchill. Bheirid teagase tré Gheadhilg do réir a n-acfuinne agus acfuinn na ndaltaí.

An chomhairle oifigiúil agus na coingheallacha a bhaineas le feidhmiú na Gaedhilge mar ghléas múinte, tá siad le léigheadh san imlitir a foillsigheadh i mí na Samhna, 1931. Tá sé luaidhte annsin nach ceart an Ghaedhilg d'usáid mar ghléas múinte ach mar a bhfuil eolas maith ag an oide ar labhairt na teangadh agus comas réasunta maith ag na daltaí uirithi freisin, agus moltar don oide gnáith-teanga a dhéanamh de'n Ghaedhilg i gcóir mion-chaint na scoile sul a dtosuighthear ar na h-adhbhair eile a mhúineadh tríthe. Tosc go mbítí a rádh go raibh oidí ag gabháil do mhúineadh tré Ghaedhilg sul ar gcóimhlíonadh na coingheallacha so agus go raibh cigirí ghá ngríosadh chuige, cuireadh amach cearcalán ag déanamh ath-chuimhnimh ar an imlitir thuas-ráidhte agus a dhéanamh soiléir nach raibh aon athrú ar intinn na Roinne.

Maidir leis na h-adhbhair léighinn eile is beag athrú atá tagaithe ar a dteagasc sna scoltachaí. Maidir leis an scrúdú le n-aghaidh theistimér eacht na nbun-Scoltac, tá sé le rádh agam, mar bhí roimhe seo, nar chuir ach fír-bheagán oide a gcuid scoláire chun an scrúduighthe. An bhliain seo thart, ní dheachaidh fé scrúdú ach fá thuairim 10% de'n méid scoláire d'fheadfadh dul. Tá an Roini ag breathnú slighthe áirithe is dóigh leó do chuirfeadh athrú chun feabhais ar an scéal sin.

Deineadh an tríomhadh íocaidheacht de'n deontas as ucht na Scoil-Bhliadhna dar chríoch 30 Meitheamh, 1936, agus do thuill breis agus deich míle páiste agus cúig míle líntige nach mór an deóntas. Is léir ó na figiuirí seo go bhfuil an cuspóir 'á tabhairt go sasúil 'un criche.

Maidir leis an Meadhon-Oideachas, tá líon na scoltach agus líon na mac-léighinn ag síor-dul i méid. 319 de Mheadhon-Scoltacha Aitheanta do bhí ann i mbliadhain a 1935-36. San tréimhse chéadna do chuaidh líon na mac-léighinn suas ó 33,499 to dtí 35,111 —agus ní bhaineann na figúracha seo leis an méid mac-léighinn do bhí ag freastal na ranga ullmhúcháin i meadhon-scoltacha.

Le deich mbliadhna thart, tá líon na Meadhon - Scoltach agus na mac-léighinn ag dul i méid go buan. Ins na deich mbliadhna sin, tháinig 14% de bhreis ar líon na mac-léighinn. Dá réir féin ba mhó do chuaidh líon na gcailín i méid ná mar do chuaidh líon na mbuachaill—60% breis na gcailín, agus 42% breis na mbuachaill. Ar fud na tíre go léir do thárla an méadughadh —is é sin le rádh i ngach aon Chundae agus i ngach aon Chundae-bhuirg.

Mar bhí roimhe seo féin, tá sé le rádh fá bhliadhain a 1935-36, freisin, go dtáinig breis ar líon na scoltach ina ndéantar an teagasc tré Ghaedhilg. I mbliadhain a 1935-36 bhí teagasc dhá dhéanamh tré Ghaedhilg i 57.5% de na scoltacha aitheanta; i mbliadhain a 1934-35, ba é a méid a bhí ann 56.4%.

Le beagán bliadhanta anuas, b'iontuigthe as tuarascabhála na gcigire go bhféadfadh fuaimeanna agus cora cainnte an Bhéarla bheith ag cur isteach, a bheag nó a mhór, ar an nGaedhilg, mar gheall ar an mbreas mhóir feadhma atáthar a bhaint as an nGaedhilg chun adhbhair eile do theagasc. Ba mhian leis an Roinn a leithéid sin de chontabhairt do sheachnadh, agus caoí do thabhairt do mhuinteóirí sochar do bhaint as Gaedhilg na Fíor-Ghaedhealtachta, idir comhrádh agus litridheacht. Mar sin de, cuireadh ar bun cúrsa thrí seachtmhaine, i Samhradh Bhliadhna a 1936, agus bhí an cúrsa sin faoí stiúradh ag ollamhain cháileamhla a bhfuil Gaedhilg ó'n gcliabhán aca. Ag cleachtadh foghraidheacht na cainnte, agus ag cleachtadh na leaganacha cainnte atá dúthchasach ag an nGaedhilg, is eadh caitheadh an tréimhse go léir.

Is beag má tá scoil ar bith ann anois nach n-aithnightear innte nach bhfuil a dteagasg sa Ranng agus i bhfoghluim na gceacht ach roinn amháin d'oileamhaint agus d'oideachas na n-óg. Tuigtear nach ceart faillighe a leigint i sláinte an chuirp ná i bhforás na h-inntleachta, agus dá bhrígh sin ghníthear cúram mór de na cluichí agus den drill agus den rinnce agus den drámaidheacht agus den ceol agus de dhíospóireachtaí. Thar gach tráth eile, is féidir a dheimhniú faoin tráth seo i láthair go bhfuil iarraidh dá déanamh ag na meadhon sgoileanna gach taobh agus gach gnó den oideachas do chur ar fagháil do na daltaí agus do chur i gcion ortha.

Is mór an gar do na daltaí na leabharlanna de leabhra maithe ealadhanta atá curtha ar bun anois ag furmhór mór na scoltach.

Is ar éigin atá sgoil ar bith ann anois nach leagann am ar leith amach chun léightheoireachta príobháidighe, agus téigheann sé sin go mór chun suime d'eolas na ndaltaí, go h-áithrid i gcás na dteangthach.

Ó thaobh cáilidheachta, tá feabhas ag teacht ar na múinteóirí ó bhliadhain go bliadhain. Daoine duthrachtacha díoghraiseacha 'seadh an mhór-chuid mhór de na Meadhon-Mhúinteóirí, agus cibé deis a fhághas siad ar iad féin d'fheabhsú gabhann siad léi go fonnmhar.

An borradh agus an fás a bhí faoi'n nGaedhilg anuraidh ní trághadh ná laige a tháinig ortha i rith na bliadhna ach a atharrach sin ar fad. Maidir leis na hádhbhair eile, níl móran le rádh ina dtaobh thar an méid adubhradh anuraídh. Cloistear gearán ó na cigirí ar uairibh nach ndéantar dóthain cúraim d'fhoghraidheacht na nuadhtheangthach agus nach mbaintear feidhm mar budh cheart as an stair ins na rannganna Laidne agus Gréigise.

Le n-a mheas ina h-iomlán, bhí bail maith ar an obair ins na sgoltacha, bhí na sgoltacha dá stiúradh go healadhanta agus bní na múinteóirí agus na daltaí ag obair go duthrachtach i rith na sgoilbhliadhna atá caithte, 1935-36.

Maidir leis an nGairm-oideachas, is áthas liom bheith i ndon a rádh go bhfuil sé ag dul chun cinn go h-anmhaith ina iomlán, beagnach. Le cúig seisiúin anuas, tá scéimeanna faoí Acht Gairm-Oideachais a 1930 i bhfeidhm, ar fud an tSaorstáit. Fuarthas buaidh ar na deacrachta a bhaineas le córas nuadh, agus tá furmhór na scéimeanna go daingean ar a mbonnaí fá láthair.

Ba í an obair ba mhó bhí le déanamh ag gach Coiste Gairm-oideachais, san am seo, scéim d'eagrughadh de Oideachas leanamhnach do bhéadh oireamhnach dá gceanntar féin. Do réir a chéile, d'eirigh leo cláir áirithe oibre do leagan amach le h-aghaidh cúrsaí lán-aimsire lae. O 20 uair go dtí 25 uaire gach seachtmhain a bhíos ins na cúrsaí sin, agus le h-obair láimhe a chaithtear trian, nó b'fhéidir, leath an ama. Fá láthair is iad seo leanas na cúrsaí leanamhnacha is mó atá i bhfeidhm. (a) Cúrsa leanamhnach geinearalta; (b) cúrsa leanamhnach ceard (foirgnidheacht); (c) cúrsa leanamhnach ceard (innealltóireacht); (d) cúrsa leanamhnach tráchtála; (e) cúrsa leanamhnach tíoghbhais; (f) cúrsa leanamhnach tuaithe.

An chiall chumhang atá le Ceard-oideachas i nAcht a 1899, d'fhág sí nach raibh san oideachas sin ach saothar acadamhail; thiormeasc sí láimh-chleachtadh na gceard agus na dtionnscal do theagasc, agus ba é sin an deacracht ba mhó bhí le réidhteach, maidir le Ceard-Oideachas. Cuireadh deireadh leis an deacracht sin, agus cuireadh deireadh, freisin, leis an seanchóras d'fhág an teagasc faoí cheangal cúrsaí áirithe do leanamhaint i n-ein-feacht. Fá láthair, tá sé ceadmhach ag ceard-scoltacha cúrsa fá leith teagaise do chur ar bun do aon adhbhar ar bith da mbaineann le ceardaidheacht nó le tionnscal. Ba tráthamhail ar fad do fuarthas an tsaoirse sin—san am a rabhthas ag dul i mbun dúnghaois gheilleagraigh ar chuspóir dó tionnscalacht na tíre do mhéadughadh. Mar sin de, bhítheas ag iarraidh go foirleathan ranga ceard-oideachais do chur ar bun ina bhfuighthidhe an teagasc a bhíos ag teastáil le h-aghaidh gach ceirde agus tionnscail fá leith.

Bhí sin da iarraidh ag daoine a bhí ag obair san iomad tionnscail nuadh a bhí tar éis a gcurtha ar bun sa tSaorstát, agus ag daoine do bhí ag súil le n-a leithéid de obair; agus ó thárla an tsaoirse ud ag na Ceard-scoltacha, bhí siad i ndon freastal ar an riachtanas. Ar fud na tíre cuireadh ranga de'n chinéal seo ar bun, ins na monarchain féin, nó ins na ceard-scoltacha. Is iomdha ceard agus tionnscail do bhain sochair mór as na ranga seo agus atá ag baint sochair asta fá láthair. Ag seo cuid aca:— Monarchan Bróg, Monarchan Ailimíne, Monarchain Biatais Siúcra, Cearda Clodóireachta, Gruagaireacht, Muilneeóireacht Plúir, Monarchain Léine, Innealltóireacht leictreachais, Tionnscal Iascaireachta, Déantús Bréagán, Déantús Láimhín, Monarcha potaireachta agus Tionnscal Súdaireachta. I ngach cás, tháinig feabhas ar saothar na n-oibridhe do bhí i mbun na gceard cheana; agus ní n-é sin amháin, óir mar gheall ar an tréineáil do cuireadh ar fagháil roimh ré ag na Coisti Gairm-Oideachais, tá monarchain go leór ann agus giorruigheadh go mór an seal aimsire do bhí riachtanach ó bunuitheadh iad gur cuireadh a gcuid earraidhe chun margaibh.

Bhí deacrachta móra ag baint leis an chóras nuadh seo Gairm-Oideachais. Sa chead dul amach, ní raibh múinteóiri go leor le fagháil, go h-áirithe múinteóirí le h-aghaidh teagaise i láimh-cleachtadh, i ndéantóireacht mhiotail, i ngeilleagar tíoghbhais agus i n-eólaidheacht tuaithe. Cuireadh ar bun cúrsaí naoi mí le h-aghaidh daoine áirithe do toghadh chun a bheith ina múinteóirí, de bhrigh go raibh láimh-chleachtadh maith cheana aca ar obair adhmaid agus ar obair mhiotail. Mar an gcéadna, toghadh daoine a raibh meadhon-oideachas oireamhnach aca, chun iad do thréineáil mar mhúinteóirí tíoghbhais agus eólaidheacht tuaithe maidir leis an dream deireannach seo, cinneadh gur riachtanach tréimhse dhá bhliadhain de tréineáil do thabhairt dóibh. ar bun cúrsaí samhraidh do muinteóir chun a thuilleadh do tabhairt nó chun eólas do thabhairt dóibh ar mhodhanna nuadha teagaise.

Faoi dheireadh sheisiúin a 1935-36, bhí breis agus seacht gcéad go leith múinteóir lán-aimsire ag teasgase ins na Scoltacha Gairm-Oideachais. San áireach sin, tá breis agus 160, i mbun geilleagar tíoghbhais, breis agus 150, i mbun adhbhar tráchtála, breis agus 140 i mbun láimh-theagaise, breis agus 130, i mbun adhbhar geinearalta, agus breis agus 80, i mbun innealltóireachta. Tá breis agus 35 múinteóir ar fagháil anois le h-aghaidh eólaidheacht tuaithe, agus tá ullmhughadh dá dhéanamh sa chaoí a mbéidh a tuilleadh ar fagháil gan mhoill.

O thárla an garm-oideachas ag leathadughadh mar bhí sé, bhí a thuilleadh scoltach ag teastáil, agus, le n-a linn sin, thaisbeán urraí áiteamhla na rátaí gur mhaith leo aca scéimeanna nuadh le h-aghaidh ceard-oideachais. San am atá i láthair, níl condae sa tSaorstát nach bhfuil scoil nuadh gairm-oideachais ann; tá cúig scoil, agus ó sin go dtí deich gcinn, i gcuid de na condaethe, agus furmhór a geostais curtha ar fagháil ag urrai áiteamhla na rátaí. Dá sheomra nó tri sheomra atá i scoltacha na fíor-tuaithe, agus ó cheithre sheomra go dtí sé sheomra i scoltacha na mbailte móra.

Ins na condae-bhuirgí, rinneadh athruighthe is mó agus is truime toradh ná mar rinneadh ins na ceanntair tuaithe. Rinneadh méadughadh maith ar scoil Phort Láirge. Cuireadh go mór leis an cheard-scoil do bhí i Luimneach cheana, agus, le n-a chois sin, tá pleananna dhá n-ullmhú chun teach scoile conganta le h-aghaidh cailín do thógáil sa cheann eile de'n chathair. An scoil nuadh tráchtála agus eólaidheacht tíoghdhais atá beagnach déanta i gCorcaigh, cosnóchaidh sí fá tuairim £75,000 agus tá pleanna dhá n-ullmhú chun cur leis an gceard-scoil atá ann fé láthair agus chun teach scoile conganta le h-aghaidh cailín do thógáil sa taoibh thuaidh de'n chathair. Maidir le Baile Atha Cliath, cuireadh le Scoil Shráid Bholton, le Scoil Dhroicead na Bothra, agus le Scoil Ráth Maonais: táthar tar éis scoil nuadh d'fhoscladh i Muiríne; agus tá glactha le tairgsint chun lán scoil eólaidheacht tíoghdhais agus obair ban do thógáil, ar chostas breise agus £100,000. Le n-a chois sin go léir, tá tuarascbháil idir-thráth atá an-tabhachtach déanta ag Coiste "Bord" Cúrsaí na gCeard-scoil i mBaile Átha Cliath. An Coiste Gairm-Oideachais d'iarr an tuarascbháil sin do dhéanamh, agus is é rud atá molta innte scéim chruinn dheimhin do chur i bhfeidhm chun gairm-oideachas do chur chun cinn sa chathair. Mhol lucht na tuarascbhála go gcuirfidhe ar bun cúig lár-scoil speisialtactha:—(1) an coláiste ceardeólaidheachta, (2) an árd-scoil tráchtála, (3) an scoil ceard agus oibridheacht, (4) an scoil eólaidheacht tíoghbhais, (5) an scoil cheóil.

Maidir leis na scoltacha speisialtachta seo, tá trácht sa tuarascbháil ar "nidh amháin a bhéas sár-riachtanach chun iomlán a dtairbhe do chur ar fagháil" agus is é an nidh é "go gcaithfidh siad bheith i lárchímpal na cathrach agus i bpríomh-shráideanna a bhfuil slighe chomhgarac idir iad agus gach mór-cheanntar árus comhnaidhthe dá bhfuil sa Bhuirg-Achar." Tá sé molta, freisin, ag lucht na tuaraschbhála go soláthróchar dhá cheanntar-scoil— ceann aca do'n taoibh thiar-dheas mar aon le Croimghlinn agus Cill Maighneann, agus an ceann eile sa taoibh thiar-thuaidh le h-aghaidh na Cabraighe, Ghlas Naoidhean agus Dhroim Chonnrach.

Ó thús an chéad seisiúin go dtí deireadh an cúigeadh seisiúin de fheidhmiú Acht Gairm-Oideachais a 1930, togadh sé cinn agus dá fhichid de scoltacha nua, rinneadh méadú maith ar scoil agus fiche dá raibh ann cheana, agus tá ocht gcinn agus dá fhichid de scoltacha nua dhá ndéanamh fá láthair. Na daoine atá ina n-urraí áitiúla rátaí —agus in a mbaill de na Coistí Gairm-Oideachais, san am chéadna—bhain siad úsáid mhaith mhór as an geumas do tugadh dóibh chun an ráta áitiúil d'árdú le cuspóirí an Acht Gairm-Oideachais do chur i gcrích. Do h-árduigheadh an ráta i ngach uile cheanntar, agus, sa mhór-cuid de na ceanntair, tá sé chó h-árd agus mheastar a bheith oireamhnach.

Toradh an-mhór de'n Acht nua is eadh an iarraidh bhuan atá ar chúrsaí -aimsire lae, agus tá an iarraidh sin ag dul i méid. Tá an feabhas sin le h-aithbeachtáil go h-an-soiléir ar na figiúracha: san am atá i láthair, tá 14,500 mac-léighinn ag freastal ranga lae i scoltacha gairm-oideachais, agus tá 12,500 aca sin ag freastal cúrsaí lán-aimsire lae; ach san am ar ritheadh an t-Acht, ní raibh ach 2,500. Rud eile, i mblian a 1930-31, an seisiún deireannach de'n tsean-scéim, ní raibh ach suas le 47,000 de líon iomlán mac-léighinn ag freastal ranga na gceard-scoil aitheanta, nó ag fagháil teagaisc faoi scéimeanna condae. Ach i seisiún a 1935-36, bhí 63,452 de líon iomlán ann, agus bhí 14,500 aca sin ag freastal ranga lae.

I dtuarascbhála na bpríomh-oifigeach feidhmiucháin agus na n-árd-mhaighistir, tá sé ráidhte aca go mbíonn lucht gnótha agus lucht monarcha ag iarraidh mac-léighinn do fuair tréineáil ins na scoltacha seo agus go bhfuil an iarraidh sin ag fás. I n-aon bhaile mór amháin, fuair 100 mac-léighinn obair, i seisiún a 1935-36. Le n-a chois sin tá cunntas sa tuarascbháil ar chúrsaí speisialta d'iarr comhluchta gnotha do chur ar fáil dá gcuid oibhridhe. Muinntir Guinness, Son agus Co. cuir i gcás, tá sé socair aca go gcaithfidh tréineáil ins na ranga ceard-oideachais lae i mBaile Atha Cliath do bheith faighte roimh ré ag na printisigh a bhéas i gceard-teach na beasaireachta aca. Cearcallán do chuir Bord Soláthair an Leictreachais amach le goirid, tá sé ráidhte ann go gcaithfidh cúrsa dhá bhlian de thréineáil oireamhnach i ranga lae le h-aghaidh séisear, i gceard-scoil, do bheith faighte ag buachaillí ar bith a nglacfaidh an Bord leó mar phrintisigh i mbrainnse na leictreachóir. Mar aon le sin, tá buan-obair dhá geallamhain do bhuachaillí a gheobhas an t-ard-theastas ar innealltóireacht leictreachais ag deireadh na cúigeadh bliana. Maidir le tréineáil oibridhe monarcha, an áit ina mbíthear ag brath tionnscal nua do chur ar bun, is gnáthach a fhios sin do bheith ag muinntir na h-áite roimh ré, agus má bhíonn an díbhfeirge cheart i bPríomh-Oifigeach na Ceard-Scoile, is féidir leis, de gnátha, dul chun cainnte le lucht ceannais an tionnscail agus réidhtheach do dhéanamh sa chaoi a mbéidh tréineáil oireamhnach le fáil sa cheard-scoil.

Is breagh an rud a fheiceáil go bhfuil a lán ranga dhá geur ar bun ins na ceanntair tuaithe le h-aghaidh teagaise a bhaineas le Sníomh agus dathughadh Olna sa bhaile. Bhí ranga mar iad sin ann i n-áiteacha i gCondae an Chláir, i gCondae na Gaillimhe, i gCondae Liathdroma, agus i gCondae Ros Comáin. Bhí iarraidh mhaith ar an gcinéal seo teagaisc i gCondae an Chláir, agus ins an áit sin múineadh neithe a bhaineas le cárdáil na h-olna, agus le n-a sníomh, agus le n-a dathughadh.

Áit ar bith ina gcuirfear scoil tuaithe ar bun, ní féidir an éifeacht cheart do bhaint aiste gan na neithe seo leanas:— (1) Teach scoile do bheadh oireamhnach maidir le fairsingeach áite, uirlise agus troscáin; (2) giota talmhan do bhéadh réasúnta mór, agus é do bheith i n-aice na scoile, sa chaoi i n-ar bhféidir eólas so fheicsionach do tabhairt do na scoláirí, ar a mbaineann le fás na mbarra, na dtortha agus na nglasraí; (3) múinteóir a mbéadh gach cáilidheacht aige da bhfuil riachtanach le h-aghaidh eólaidheacht tuaithe.

Scoltacha agus giotaí talmhan mar sin, tá siad ar fagháil fá láthair nó béidh siad ar fagháil roimh deireadh an tseisiuin atá anois ann—i ngach aon chondae aca seo:—Ceatharlach, an Cabhán, an Clár, Corcaigh, Tír Chonaill, Gaillimh, Ciarraighe, Luimneach, Lughmhaigh, an Mhidhe, Muineachán, Ros Comáin agus Tiobrad Arann. San am chéadna, beidh an cúrsa críocnuighthe ag an fhuirinn speisialta do Mhúinteóirí eólaidheacht tuaithe atá ar tréineáil fá láthair, agus beidh siad fá réir la h-aghaidh na scéimeanna teagasc do chur i bhfeidhm. Rinneadh obair an-tabhachtach sa bheagán scol in a raibh eólaidheacht tuaithe dá teagasc i seisiuin a 1935-36. I ngach aon áit aca sin, cuireadh gach cineál de bharra gráin, de thortha agus de ghlasraí, agus d'eirigh go sár-mhaith leis an obair sin go léir. Ina theannta sin, tógadh tighthe gloine chum tomátaí do thógáil ionnta. Mar an gcéadna, rinneadh coirceóga beach do solathar, agus, ar an gcaoi sin, bfhéidir do na múinteóirí eolas ar bheachaireacht do thabhairt uatha.

Ins na condae-bhuirgí, leanadh do'n chleachtadh do bhí ann cheana maidir leis na mic-léighinn do tabhairt ag breathnughadh na dtighthe gnótha agus na dtighthe tionnscail atá ina gceanntair féin. Ait ar bith a dtéidhthear ghá breathnughadh mar sin, is gnáthach le duine éigin de chinn urraidh na h-áite labhairt leis na mic-léighinn agus míniughadh do thabhairt dóibh ar chóras oibre cibé gnó no tionnscail atá ann. Ar an gcaoi sin cuirtear ar a súile go soiléir do na mic-léighinn cad é an baint atá idir a n-obair féin sa scoil gairm-Oideachais agus obair na dtionnscal agus na ngnótha a bhfuiltear ghá n-ullmhughadh le n-a aghaidh. Ba léir, freisin, gur éirigh a thuilleadh suime ina gcuid oibre ag na mic-léighinn de thoradh na gcuairt seo; agus ní h-é sin amháin, ach gur éirigh a thuilleadh bróid aca as tráchtáil agus tionnscalacht a dtíre féin.

Maidir le staid na Gaedhilge ins na scoltacha gairm-oideachais, is athas liom a rádh go bhfuil an uimhir múinteoir atá lán-cháilighthe le Gaedhilg a theagasc ins na scoltacha gairm-oideachais ag dul i líonmhaire ó ló go ló. Tá na cigirí go léir ar aon aigne go bhfuil staid na Gaedhilge mar ádhbhar léighinn an-tsásamhail ins na scoltacha gairm-oideachais. Tá scéimeanna maithe oibre dhá n-ullmhú. Ina dhiaidh sin is uile, is lag é staid na Gaedhilge i gcuid de na scéimeanna fós féin. Ar thaobh amháin sé neamhshuim chuid de na príomh-Oifigigh Feidhme is cionn-tsiocair leis, agus, ar an taobh eile, sé faillighe na múinteoir seo a bhfuil a ceárd-teastas aca cuidiú leis an múinteoir triollúsach Gaedhilge, atá ag cur cúl leis an obair.

Ceist achrannach is eadh fós féin múineadh na Gaedhilge do dhaoine fásta i ranganna trathnóna faoi scéim an ghairm-oideachais. Tá sé ag dul i léire in aghaidh an lae nach é amháin nach mór don mhúinteoir a bheith cáilighthe leis an nGaedhilg a theagasc, ach nach fuláir dó ina theanta sin, é bheith ar a chumas drámaigheacht agus amhránaidheacht a chur ar siubhal más mian leis rang Gaedhilge a fhághail agus é choinneál. I gCondaethe Chorcaighe, Roscomáin, Loch Garman agus sa Trian Thuaidh de Chondae Thiobrad Árann, déantar freastal maith ar ranganna Gaedhilge i ngeall ar an nídh sin. De bhárr feabhais an eagair a bhí ar ranganna den tsaghas seo fá Choisde Gairm-Oideachais Chondae Chorcaighe i rith an tseisiúin míle naoi gcéad cúig triochad-sé triochad cuireadh os cionn aon chéad déag duine fá'n scrúdú a cheap an Coiste, i ndeire an tseisiúin sin.

Táthar ag cur leis na cúrsaí lae agus trathnóna thrid an nGaedhilg amháin ins na ceanntair Ghaedhealacha. I rith an tseisiúin atá i gceist againn, cuireadh cúrsaí lán-aimsire lae agus trathnóna den tsaghas seo ar fáil i gceanntracha mar an Cheathramha Ruadh, Rosmuck, Gaillimh, An Áird Mhór agus Carraig an Chobaltaigh. Tugadh deontas speisialta do Choiste Gairm-Oideachais Chondae Chorcaighe le cuidiú leo le scoil gairm-oideachais a thógáil agus a ghléasadh i mBéal Atha an Ghaorthaidh ina ndéanfar an teagasc go h-iomlán tríd an nGaedhilg. Ins na h-ádhbhair i gcoitchinne gan trácht ar an nGaedhilg, is áthas liom a rádh go ndearnadh dul 'un cinn an-tsásamhail do réir tuairiscí na gCigire.

Chuir an Coimisiún a bunuigheadh sa mbliain míle, naoi gcéad ceathair triochad le fiosrúchán a dhéanamh ar Chórus na Scol Ceartúcháin agus na Scol Saothair críoch ar a saothair i Mí Lughnasa seo caithte. Rinne an Coimisiún a fhiosrúchán go cruinn beacht agus chuir tuairisc ar fáil gur chóir go mba mhór an cuidiú é ag pléidhe leis na ceisteanna tábhachtacha Sóisialacha ar a ndearnadar scrúdú. Tá na moltaí a rinne an Choimisiún dhá meas ag an Roinn i láthair na h-uaire. Is mian liom, amhthach, leas a bhaint as an ócáid seo le mo bhuidheachas ó chroidhe a chur in iúl do bhaill an Choimisiúin as uacht a ndearnadar ar mhaithe leis an bpobal agus as ucht ar chaith siad dá gcuid ama agus ar chuir siad de thrioblóid ortha féin leis an bhfiosrúchán.

Ba mhaith liom cur síos ar cúpla poinnt eile acht is dó liom go ndearn me tagairt do na nidhthe is tabhachtaighe a bhaineas le hoideachas. Má tá a thuille eolais a dhith air Teachtaí, is féidir leo ceisteanna do chur orm.

I take it that we are now discussing together all the Estimates dealing with education and the Minister's Department, that is from Votes 45 to 51 inclusive.

Yes, say a general discussion. At first I want to thank the Minister for his courtesy in letting me have a translation of his Irish speech. I congratulate him for the fluent character of the translation. It is so beautifully fluent that I rarely have seen so successful a translation from one language into another. The translation is almost as if it were in the national language.

There is not a great change in the policy so far as the Department of Education is concerned, but there are a number of matters, as the Minister knows, attracting the attention of the country at the present moment. If we take the main Vote, or the Vote for Primary Education, with which the Minister has dealt, there are, under that heading, two matters that are attracting a considerable amount of attention amongst those affected, and also amongst the people in the country generally. With one of these the Minister has dealt. I do not say that he has dealt quite fully with it. The other was not dealt with at all by him. Both are questions that are undoubtedly causing a great deal of dissatisfaction and unrest amongst those on whom, in the last analysis, the success of primary education depends, namely the teachers. I refer to the question of salaries on the one hand and to the question of averages on the other. I know that so far as the two Governments are concerned, the salaries have been cut by both. When the Act of 1933 was passing through this House, I pointed out that I considered there was an essential difference between the attitude of this and the previous Government in this matter. The previous Government made it quite clear that it was anxious to cut down expenditure on all items as far as possible, and that it stood against any increases in taxation. To a deputation of teachers which the Ministry then received that was made perfectly clear. The question of the justice of the cut or the proposed cut was not argued. That cut was never carried out by the then Government owing to a little error on the part of the country.

It was pointed out that it was not a question of justice or a question of pensions but a question of fact. It was pointed out that the country could not afford a higher scheme of education and that unless in view of certain circumstances a cut was made, higher taxation would be necessary. In that connection it was put up to a deputation of teachers that a certain cut would be proposed in their salaries but in partial return for that, an effort would be made to solve the pensions question and to deal with the pensions fund. At the time I made it quite clear to the teachers that I was not arguing at all against the case they put forward, that on the repeated showing of various Ministers—of Ministers while the English were in control of this country—various statements had been made as to the segregation of the fund that took place afterwards, and that no argument could be put up against the teachers' case that their side of the pensions fund was quite solvent and that it was only the Government's side of the pensions fund that was not solvent. I told the deputation that as far as the Government was concerned they need not argue that, because from my reading of the documents I told them that their case could not be combated. They had an absolutely perfect case so far as that was concerned. Every statement made by the British Ministers and statements made by our own Ministers did bear out the teachers' case as to the division of the pension fund into two parts, in one of which the teachers' contribution was responsible and in the other of which the Government's contribution was responsible. Therefore, I took the line that it was not a question of asking them to accept this cut in return for settling the pension fund on the ground that the Government was not bound to settle the pension fund, but merely on the ground that the Government at the time could not afford to increase taxation. Since then, I think even the Minister will admit that there has been an increase in taxation, and in these circumstances it is quite natural that whatever may have been the attitude of the Government on the teachers' salaries in 1931 or early in 1932, the fact that there has been such considerable increase in taxation and that yet the cut that was imposed on them in 1933 stands, is to me a legitimate source of grievance on the part of the teachers.

The other matter with which the Minister dealt and on which he did not offer a full solution was the question of averages. I am convinced that the rule which demands the dismissal of a trained teacher and when the average falls below a certain figure for a certain length of time the substitution for a trained teacher of a J.A.M. was framed and was operated in entirely different circumstances to those in which it is being operated now. At that time it was only very occasionally that a teacher lost his position owing to falling averages. At the present time large numbers of them are losing their positions through the averages rule. At that time a teacher could reasonably look forward to getting, in a very short time, employment in another school. Now many of them have no hope within a reasonable time of getting such employment. There have been teachers who have been trained and passed successfully through the training colleges and they have been, so to speak, on the hazard for a considerable time and have given up all hope of employment as school teachers. Many of them have to seek employment in other Government Departments. They have to present themselves for examination in other Government Departments. I suggest that that in itself shows that the situation as regards this averages rule is decidedly different from the normal state of affairs.

The method by which the Minister proposes to deal with this may, in a number of years, have the effect that he contemplates. He admits himself, in the phrases he uses, that it is only a partial method of dealing with it, namely, limiting the number of those who will be considered qualified, cutting down the number of teachers who come out of the training colleges, and so on. These are expedients that may help, no doubt, but I am sure the Minister must be convinced that they do not go to the root of the matter. The Minister and the Department knew perfectly well, even before this crisis came upon them, the effect the approaching decline of averages has had on the efficiency and the whole outlook of the teacher. Sometimes teachers are inclined to adopt doubtful expedients—one or two cases have occurred—to see that the average is kept up. Undoubtedly, it is a kind of terror before the unfortunate teacher and it must affect the efficiency of his teaching. It is regrettable that it should happen in any case, but that it should happen in a large number of cases, that there should be teachers considerable in number through the country who are actually not sure how long they will be able to hold their position, is really very deplorable. It ought to be evident to the Minister and to the Government.

I am sure the Minister and the Department would like to remedy that as quickly as possible, if there was no other obstacle than the one that is in the way. That obstacle is not an educational one; it is purely a financial one. I claim that a Government that has found money in increased millions every year, that has had no difficulty in finding money, that boasts it has no difficulty in finding money, in a matter vitally affecting education ought to have no hesitation in overcoming the financial obstacle that is in the way of a settlement of this particular matter. In this instance there is not what used to be the quite legitimate excuse in the case of the Government's predecessors—"Where is the money to come from?" The Government's predecessors tried to keep down taxation. The present Government does not. I am not going into the question of the wisdom or otherwise of that policy. I only contend that the argument, "Where is the money to come from?" cannot apply to the present Government. They have found money for an expenditure of much more doubtful national value than expenditure of the kind I now suggest.

That it should happen in a large number of cases that an inferior class of teacher is put in a rural district is, on the whole, unfair. Children in a certain district have been accustomed to be taught by two trained teachers. Suddenly, because of the declining population in that district, on account of the fall in the average number attending the school, the school is de-graded in the sense that it has lost the help of one trained teacher, whose place is taken by an untrained teacher. From the educational point of view, there is nothing to be said for the keeping of that particular rule of averages at the present time. The one excuse that can be urged in its favour is the question of money, but I hold that that excuse cannot be advanced by the present Government.

The Minister mentioned the continued good attendance. I think that is a matter that we can congratulate ourselves upon. Despite a certain amount of scepticism on the part of some people, dissatisfaction sometimes expressed on the part of others, the Compulsory Attendance Act has operated well. It is quite true you will find other countries with a higher percentage of attendance than you will find in this country; but I was never impressed with these statistics, some of them were quite impossible. When I find an attendance of 99.5 per cent. in certain schools, there are certain conclusions to be come to. The more reasonable one to accept is that they are basing their calculations of attendance on a different system from ours. When you take all the circumstances that militate against attendance at school, in the way of sickness, bad weather, and so on, the figures given by the Minister in that respect are highly satisfactory.

As we are on the subject of attendance, there is one matter I would like information upon. I am anxious to know in connection with this matter whether the Department of Education has been appealed to or whether it has felt itself called upon to intervene. There has been a dispute in the West of Ireland in connection with school attendance. The parents of children apparently broke the law by not allowing their children to attend. It all surrounded the question as to what were the duties of the teachers. Was the Department of Education asked to determine for anybody what it regarded as the normal duties of the teachers? If so, what was its reply? Here is a dispute between the parents and the teachers are. Did the Department give its view as to the limitation or the extent of the duties of the teachers? I am not now asking the Minister whether or not the Department interfered in connection with the question of the attendance of the children at school; that is not a matter for this Department; I quite admit it is a matter primarily for the Department of Justice and, therefore, it does not now arise. I am putting a simpler question to the Minister, as to whether his Department was asked to indicate what the teachers' duties were and, if so, what was the Department's attitude. Did they reply to any such request? I hope they did not take up the attitude of more or less washing their hands out of the whole dispute.

In connection with attendances, I should like to bring up a matter that is of long standing. It applies more to the large cities than to the country districts. When the Minister was dealing with the secondary schools, he referred, more or less with a note of complaint—I think he will admit that was so—to large classes that were to be found in some places. I gather he did not approve of the classes being extra large. He rather indicated that they recognised that from the educational point of view it was a disadvantage. Does not that apply equally to the primary side? If it is something deleterious to education that those who are running secondary schools should have classes too large, surely it applies with equal force—I do not say the numbers ought to be the same, but it could apply with equal force—to those primary schools in, say, the City of Dublin, where undoubtedly the lasses are too large—too large, I mean, to be taught as one class? Where you have big schools you could have plenty of differentiation of functions between the teachers. In the city that is, to a large extent, counteracted by the size of the classes. If that happens, it happens not on account of any fault on the part of the manager or the principal of the schools, but on account of the operation of the rules of the Department.

In these circumstances I would ask the Minister to consider the reforming of these rules so far as large classes are concerned. No doubt he will tell me it costs money, but I refuse to receive from a Minister of the present Government that particular excuse. If he will look at his Estimate he will find that the Education Estimate is a lesser percentage of the total supply services of the State than it was, say, ten years ago. He probably has noticed from time to time that various countries in Europe, generally speaking, when they want to speak well of themselves, pride themselves on the amount of money they spend on education—the percentage of the total Budget that goes to education. I think it should have been the aim of the Government of this country to keep up at least the percentage. Once more, therefore, if the Minister replies, in reference to these large classes, that it would require more money, I say that that excuse would come badly from a member of the present Government which finds money, as I said, for practically anything it wants to, and which certainly is spending a large amount of money on much more questionable things than on trying to remedy these particular drawbacks in our educational system.

As I am on the subject of increased cost, I think I may say that the Minister has power under the Compulsory Attendance Act to extend the age limit. Now, I am not asking that the Minister should compel all children of a certain age—I mean, under the age of sixteen—to attend primary schools, but he could use that power under the Education Act—I think I am quite right in saying so—to compel children to attend either a primary school or some other school such as the continuation school of which he spoke in the last portion of his speech. I think he could at least make a start. I do not say that it need be universal, because I think the Act itself allows him discretion with regard to different portions of the country, if he likes, and, therefore, he could make a start in that matter in, say, the City of Dublin or the City of Cork. There may be difficulties, but the difficulties can be overcome. I am not now referring to the financial difficulty because, as far as this Government is concerned in educational matters, as I said, I cannot consider that plea a sound one. Other difficulties of a purely technical nature, if they are there, can be overcome. It is a matter that certainly should commend itself to the attention of the Minister.

I was glad to learn, from the Minister's survey of the educational progress during the year, of the success of the Vocational Act of 1930, and of the eagerness with which it is being adopted and worked, not merely by his Department—I know well how keen they always were on it—but also how keenly it was being adopted and worked by the various local authorities. At the time the Act was being introduced, there was a certain amount of scepticism on that particular point, and those in this House who suggested that the local authorities would not contribute even the minimum sum they were compelled by law to contribute will be glad, I am sure, to see that not merely have they proved willing to do that, but that they were willing to go beyond it and to recognise the advantages that accrue to the community, from the point of view of employment as well as from other points of view, from that particular kind of education. That also leads on to the point that efforts were being made, and not without success, to bring that type of continuation education into close contact with the industrial life of the country, whether in the towns or in the country, and that is also a matter, I am sure, that most of us will be glad to see.

In that connection, again, however, there is a matter about which I should like to have some assurance from the Minister. It is a thing in which, from every point of view, I was always interested, and I would ask the Minister now to deal with the matter a little more fully. Apart from the subject of emigration, which I will mention in a moment, I was always convinced that one of the most important advantages that could come to the country from a vocational education scheme was the improvement of the teaching of domestic economy—of cooking and so on. I am well aware of the difficulty of making a success of that. I am quite well aware that the difficulty does not always by any means come from the Department or from the local authorities or from those who are ready to provide the facilities. Generally speaking, the difficulty comes from the people themselves. There is a slowness to take advantage of the facilities that are offered, especially the facilities for learning what I might call the ordinary management of an ordinary house. I am not now referring to fancy cooking, because I regard that more or less as a kind of an ornament, if it is even that.

Of course, that is often taught, and possibly with a certain amount of profit, in the technical schools; but what I mean is the plain, ordinary cooking for the ordinary man. I think it is a matter in which this country is exceptionally backward. It has been always backward in comparison with what is done in any of the Continental countries. I cannot speak about England because I do not know whether they are much better there —I doubt if they are—but certainly the Continental countries are much further advanced in that particular aspect of being able to make the most out of the materials they have. It would be a great national saving to this country and a great improvement from every point of view if something could be done in that respect. I know that the Minister is willing to provide the facilities, but I know that the real difficulty is, very often, to get the people to accept the facilities, and it may require some kind of propaganda to enable such a scheme to be carried out.

That particular matter, to which I have been referring, applies particularly to the problem now presented to the country in connection with the emigration, especially of a large number of girls, to England. That they do emigrate will hardly be denied. We need not, for a moment, discuss exactly whether more are emigrating now than at any other time, but that they are emigrating at the present moment to England is what I might call common knowledge to everybody. As I say, whether more are emigrating now than in 1926 is a matter that we need not discuss now. I have my own very definite views on that, but I am not discussing it now. The fact remains that a large number of people are emigrating to England, and, if that is so, if we must have emigration of that kind—and I see nothing in the speeches of the Ministers and the policy of the Government to suggest that we can avoid it—then, surely, it is better that these young girls who go to England should be trained. It is better for themselves, better for this country, and better for their spiritual future as well as for their material future. If that could be tackled, it is one of the most useful works that could be undertaken. It will require, as I said, not merely the provision of facilities, but something in the nature of propaganda on the part of the Ministry to get people to undertake or to attend to that particular type of instruction.

The Minister also mentioned school buildings in his report, and mentioned the amount of money that was being spent on these particular buildings. What he did not make clear, however, was whether there was really anything more being done than merely keeping pace with the wastage. There may be just a little bit more being done, but how much more? I remember, some years ago, there was a census taken of the unsuitable schools in this country, and year by year other schools are falling more into decay and more and more are falling from the class of being just tolerable into the class of being unsuitable. I often wonder whether the amount of new building for which the country pays year after year does do much more than keep pace with the yearly loss and the yearly decay and, as I have said, the falling of schools from one class into another class. Again, may I call attention to a matter to which I referred on a previous occasion, namely, the cost of these schools? I do not know whether it is so at present or not, but I think the Minister will find, that on the average, the school put up by a vocational education committee is much cheaper than the primary school. Could the Minister tell me right off, whether that is the fact at present?

That is so.

I understood that that was so, namely, that you could get a good technical school for £2,000, but if you wanted a school of the same size to accommodate the same number of pupils on the primary side, you had to pay £3,000 or £3,500. I think it is a pity that that problem should not be tackled. The Board of Works, I think, used to take up the attitude that the type of school that was built by the vocational education committees had not the lasting qualities that the school which they sanctioned had. They held that the school they sanctioned should last longer. If the Minister will look over his speech, he will find that one of the troubles with which he has to contend at the moment is that some of the old schools have lasted too long. They are not merely schools that have fallen into decay. Some of the difficult cases in connection with schools that are unsuitable to which the Minister has referred, are schools that are perfectly sound structurally, but they do not fulfil modern requirements. It is very optimistic on the part of the Board of Works to think that they can plan a school that will be suitable in every way, not 40 years hence, but 100 years hence. I think they need not be afraid that the school will last only 40 years. Considering the way in which requirements —I might almost say fashions—are constantly changing, there is a certain advantage in having the cheaper type of school and a certain advantage in not having it lasting too long.

I think a great deal more could be done in that respect in the way of school building, if that problem were energetically taken up with the Board of Works, because I think, from the plans that were submitted for technical schools, that these buildings seemed to be quite suitable in the ordinary way for primary schools as well. The Minister in that connection referred to the changes that had to be made in the lay-out of schools, and he said that it was particularly difficult to teach different classes in one room, where say you had three classes and three teachers. Undoubtedly it is. He said that that was still more difficult owing to the introduction of Irish. I take his word for that.

I do not know why that should be so but probably it is the case. If that is so, will he not recognise that in that particular case the alteration of the building is at least partly, if not mainly, due, not to anything that was originally wrong in the construction of the school, but that it follows directly from the programme of the Department itself? Consequently, in that case—it is the only case I am arguing at the moment—the Minister should not require a one-third contribution for the reconditioning and remodelling of that particular type of school. It is in a class apart because, as I say, the remodelling is, to a large extent, due to the requirements of the Department itself.

There is one other matter to which I wish to refer—teaching through Irish in secondary schools. I gathered from the Minister that there was an increase in the number of schools that were adopting that particular method and that the Minister had made it quite clear that it was only in certain conditions that that policy should be adopted in any school, namely, when the teacher was quite competent to give the instruction and when the pupils were, on the whole, fairly competent to follow it. I think I have interpreted the Minister correctly.

He said, however, that complaints were coming in still that teachers were inclined to chance their arm, apparently, to undertake such instruction without these necessary conditions being present and that inspectors, apparently, were still accused of pressing that particular scheme where the conditions did not justify it, so much so that once more the Minister had occasion to call attention to the fact that there was no authority for doing so. Does it not dawn on the Minister, if it is necessary to issue these warnings year after year, that these warnings are having very little effect? I remember when I was in the Minister's position I tried to make the policy quite clear on that matter. I had not an opportunity of doing it very often, owing to a lapse on the part of the nation, but still I did it once and possibly twice. If it is necessary to repeat the warning year after year, and once again in the year 1937, it does suggest that the earlier warnings were not heeded. I have seen excellent laws passed to deal with abuses in various ways in other cases and under other bodies, but I always got suspicious when I saw that the same laws had to be enacted to get rid of certain abuses year after year. It does suggest that the previous ones have not had the effect that was intended. It seems to me that the previous statements of policy on the part of the Minister have not been attended to if it is necessary to reiterate them once more. I think the matter is important because grave damage can be done as the Minister himself recognises because, as he said, it was necessary to issue warnings in that particular case to show that there was no change in policy. Grave damage might be done, by disregard of these warnings, to the pupils, the schools and the language itself.

In connection with a number of other matters in the report, the Minister points out quite candidly the many drawbacks that are still there. It would be absolutely unfair to be captiously critical in that respect. You will always have drawbacks; there is not the slightest doubt about that. You will never have a perfect system of education. What I should like the Minister to do would be to indicate the number of faults he found in various ways—old school buildings, the teaching of various subjects, etc.—not give us a mere resume of these faults which are inevitable, but rather the steps that he and the Department are taking to cope with these faults and to overcome them. I do not say that he will be fully successful in that respect, and I do not make any such demand, but at least he should indicate to the House the various faults he had found in connection with teachers, with managers possibly, and incidentally or by implication, occasionally with inspectors, and what steps are being taken to remedy these faults. I do not think we could expect anything else, but we should like to know what steps are being taken to deal with these and other faults. These are the rather disjointed remarks I have to make on the Estimates before us. I have confined myself largely to matters of major detail. I have not discussed the question of general policy, but the Minister might give his attention to the matters of which I have spoken.

In succeeding years on this Estimate, I have directed the attention of the Minister to what appeared to be the failure of his Department adequately to cater for the revival of the Irish language in this country. I have pointed out on several occasions that the system of asking teachers to instruct infant children who know no Irish, and who never hear a word of Irish in their own homes, through the medium of Irish is a public scandal. It is not calculated to serve the best interests of the Irish language. Far from it; it is calculated not only seriously to interfere with the health of the children, but to create in the children's mind a prejudice against the language, and to give grounds for a very widespread feeling against the language throughout the country.

Níl eolas ar bith agat.

I have plenty of knowledge of what I am talking about. If the Deputy had patience, and would listen to a prudent argument, he would be able to get up afterwards and calmly give his view, instead of run ning away like a cross child. I am going to read for the Deputy's colleagues the report of the Minister's own inspector on this subject. The Minister himself has read it to the House, but the learned Deputy, who has just skipped away, apparently did not listen to it, or else he would see that the case I have made repeatedly on these Estimates is amply vindicated by the report of the Minister's own inspector. The Minister's inspector, speaking of the system of teaching infant children in Dublin through the medium of Irish, says:—

"The majority of the inspectors are dissatisfied with the progress made in the speaking of Irish by the infants, and a great number of the teachers in the city schools are complaining of the little knowledge of Irish which the infants have when they leave the infant schools. I must say that the speaking of Irish is weak enough in those districts. The children are usually unable to speak the language when they cease to attend school. They have not the vocabulary to do so, and they have neither fluency nor accuracy nor power of conversation. The majority of them fail to give an accurate, intelligent account of simple, fundamental things. They mix the tenses of the verbs in such a way as would make one despair."

That is the Minister's own inspector's report on the result of the system that I have attacked in this House time and time again, not because I am opposed to Irish, but because I want to see Irish the vernacular in the mouth of every person in this country. I have always hoped to see the people of this country speaking Irish and English, as the Swiss people speak French and German or French and Italian. I have always hoped that in this country we might develop the bilingual life of the people, because I believe it would enrich the life of our people and educate our people.

What I have urged upon the Minister time and time again was that the methods at present being used in the schools were not bringing us towards that goal; that they were making the achievement of that objective far more difficult, and that if he went on long enough with this kind of codology, the end of it would be that he would make it impossible to revive the language at all. A lot of Deputies over there think that all this impracticable and foolish fraud that is being carried on in the national schools is materially contributing to the revival of Irish in the country. The fact of it is that the £2 which was given by the Department of Education to the parents of children who use Irish as their daily vernacular in the Gaeltacht has done far more to preserve the language than all the money which is being wasted in the national schools, because, as I have pointed out in this House time and time again, what you want to do is to make it manifest to the people who have preserved the language and to the people who are learning it that it is worth something to them. If you will do that, you will get the language revived much more effectively than by trying to force Irish down the throats of our people. It is perfectly impossible to force anything down the throats of our people. Unless you can persuade the people to be with you and to co-operate with you in a matter of this kind, the backing is lost before the fight is begun. I have never asked the Minister or the House to accept my view.

Mind you, this report of the Minister's own inspector is an extraordinary vindication of the view I have repeatedly expressed in this House, but I never asked the House to accept that view. The limit of my request consistently has been that the Minister would set up a commission of persons interested in education in this country to inquire into the success of the present policy of teaching Irish in the schools. I do ask for a commission which will consist of persons other than officials of his own Department. I know that any commission of prudent persons inquiring into such a question would send for the officials of his Department, and would ask them for all the assistance they could give by way of information and advice; but what we want in regard to this matter is a detached view. I am informed that the standard of Irish that is coming from the schools is deplorable. I know from my own experience that the standard of general education that is coming from the schools is dreadful —perfectly dreadful.

I see here a boast made in the Minister's statement that mathematics has ceased to be a compulsory subject in girls' schools. The very idea of eliminating one of the three R's from primary education seems to me to be so insane as to baffle description. Just imagine leaving it optional—I did not know that was true until I read it in this statement—for little girls at school as to whether or not they will learn to add. That seems to be absolutely insane. I want to see the children who go to school in this country being turned out at the end of their period in school able to read and write and do simple arithmetic efficiently. I expect the children to be able to read almost anything. I expect the children to be able to write anything that, in the ordinary course of their daily work, they would find it necessary to write. I expect them to do whatever sums any of us requires to do in our daily lives. I say that to suggest that children should be permitted to leave the primary schools without that essential equipment is an outrage. I want to remind the Minister of something he said when discussing a private Deputy's motion which was moved here in this House. He used language which suggested to me that he interpreted his function as Minister for Education as being to get the people to talk Irish but not to educate the people. I think that is absolute insanity. There are those of us who love the language and who want to see it advance and prosper. Mind you, there are many Deputies on the Fianna Fáil Benches who do not give two thráneens for the language, and who think it is a "cod" to revive the language, only they have not the courage to get up and say so. But I am one of those—and there are many others in all parts of the House —who want to see the language revived, and who want to see people speaking it as fluently as they speak English, but if you want to do that you cannot set up an antagonism between teaching Irish and educating the children. You must make it possible to teach Irish and provide education at the same time.

It is an intolerable proposition that this whole generation of our people should be denied education in order that they should be used for the purpose of handing on Irish to the generations to come. The thing is grotesque. You have no right to ask any body of people for such a sacrifice, and it is wholly unnecessary. You have no right to go to the parents of this day and generation and say to them: "All your children are going to be left uneducated in order that they may be made propagandists for the Irish language for the generations yet unborn." The thing is intolerable; it is unjust; it is wrong and quite impracticable, and if it is persisted in it will result in a general revolution against Irish. So that Irish, instead of being something which the vast majority of the people cherish and desire to see prosperous, will appear in their eyes to be a hideous scourge against which they are bound to rise up. Now there is no inconsistency between giving the children of this country a liberal education and teaching them Irish at the same time. I ask any unprejudiced Deputy has he not heard parents complain——

I have never met one yet.

The Deputy is an impatient young man. If he waited until I had finished my sentence——

I need not wait for the finish of it because I know what the Deputy is going to say. It is not the first time that he has said it here.

——he would probably find himself in complete agreement with me. I put it to any unprejudiced Deputy, has he not heard parents complain that there is so much Irish being taught in the schools that the children are learning nothing else? That complaint is popularly made. The point that I am trying to make is this: that there is no necessity for giving any ground for any such complaints. It is perfectly possible to teach children Irish, to equip them to be good Irish speakers, and to give them a liberal education at the same time, if you will only go the right way about it. Now that is what I want to do.

That is what we all want.

It is marvellous how far the Deputy would be able to agree with me if he would only have the patience to listen to me. I think, in order to make that effective, we have got to carry conviction to the minds of the parents of the children that that is what we are doing. No matter how well we do it, if we leave parents under the impression that their children's general education is suffering—

The parents are not under that impression.

——it is going to block and obstruct the work that we want done. The Deputy and I are both agreed that there is a way of giving the children a liberal education and Irish at the same time. I entirely agree with him on that, if we go the right way about it. The Deputy is something of an expert on education. I cannot profess to be an expert on education. I was at school, and I know it from the point of view of the pupil, but I am quite prepared to surrender my judgment on the methods of education to a body of experts who will command confidence.

I have not got confidence in the Department of Education as at present constituted. I think they are approaching this whole problem in the wrong way. I think they have allowed themselves to get into certain grooves and they are afraid to get out of them for fear certain people like the Deputy will lose their tempers with them and begin to denounce them as bad Gaels. Most of these officials have not got the patience with the Deputy that I have. They do not argue with them and gradually lead him back when he runs out of the House, and explain the situation to him. When the Deputy stamps his foot he frightens them so that they think it safer to stay in the old rut than try any revolutionary reform, because Deputy Kissane or Deputy O Briain may start to stump the country and denounce them as West Britons.

As a way out of that dilemma I suggest that we ought to have a body of independent educationists who will command the confidence of the Deputy and who will command my confidence before whom every person who has a grievance will be invited to come. Before that body of independent persons I would ask any teacher who had a grievance in the matter, any parents who had grievances in the matter, any public man or woman who had a grievance in the matter, or anybody who had a constructive suggestion to make to come and make himself heard. Now if they do not come they cannot complain. If the Minister is prepared to provide a tribunal before which everybody can get a hearing, and if people will not bother to come there and make their voices heard, then they will have no grounds for complaint if the programme evolved by the Department does not fall in with what they believe to be correct. But I venture to say that a great many people will come forward to that tribunal to explain the personal difficulties of which they have knowledge, so that out of that we will find a method of advancing the cause of spoken Irish which will command the support of everybody who believes in the Irish revival. Then we can divide the community into two clear divisions—first those who believe that Irish is a "cod," and I venture to say that we will find a good many recruits for that brigade on the benches of the Fianna Fáil Party.

Is the Deputy not aware that such a body is already in existence, and that it is on its report the present programme of the Department of Education is being worked? That body was first set up in 1921. It was presided over by the Rev. T. Corcoran, S.J., Professor of Education in the National University. It was reassembled in 1926 under the auspices of the last Government, and it is on the report presented by that body in 1921 and 1926 that the programme of the Department of Education is at present being worked.

May I tell the Deputy a little story that may help him to understand some of the difficulties? I am sure that Deputy Tom Kelly will agree with me in this little narrative. About 1870 there was a commission set up in this country to solve the slum problem. They sat and made a report. In 1880 there was another commission set up and they made a report. In 1890, in 1900, in 1910, and in 1914 other commissions sat and reported, but none of them provided a method which solved the problem. There were two things to do when successive commissions failed to solve the slum problem: either to say that the problem was insoluble and drop it, or to continue— to go on like the Scottish King and keep trying to find some method that would achieve the purpose that you had in view, the abolition of the slums. That is the procedure that has, in fact, been adopted, because the community knew that they could not leave the slums there. The Deputy has said that we had commissions in 1921 and 1926.

I now allege that the methods that they advocated and approved have completely broken down, and I call in evidence the report on the results made by inspectors in the Minister's own Department. The Deputy was not present when I read extracts from the inspector's report, a few minutes ago, but with the permission of the Chair I will read the extract again for his information.

(Extract again read.)

I rest my case on that and nothing else. I ask for an inquiry. I am prepared to say that if there is a reasonable inquiry given, before which all people who have grievances are invited to attend and speak their minds freely, with the assurance that all the Minister wants is information as to the nature of the complaints that have been made, then let that information be collected and let the best brains of the country devise a plan to meet the difficulties which have been proved to exist. If we do that we can make great progress in this matter. If we do not do that then we are going to have the situation existing that even the Minister's own inspectors feel constrained to speak about: to say that the policy has failed and that the system has completely broken down.

Surely, for anyone who wants the language to succeed, in the face of that report, he must see how vital it is to prepare for some kind of change that will end a system of education which leaves the children quite unable to speak Irish after they leave school. That is all I want. It is blinding your eyes to facts if you deny that the children coming out of the primary schools now have not got as much ordinary education as they used to have. I was recently told that in a public examination set up here for boys coming out of the primary schools, if the standard which used to obtain ten years ago was enforced, no child would have qualified and that, even after lowering the standard substantially, only one candidate, I think, attained the required standard.

There is one other matter. I think it is good that those of us who want the language to succeed should accept responsibility for criticising the system which is failing to make it succeed because anyone who does not want the language to succeed is immediately suspect if he says anything by way of criticism of the present system of education. There is going on in this country a thing which I must describe as a ramp, and that is this business of pretending that the secondary schools that do all their instruction through the medium of Irish are giving a better education to the pupils than the schools which give education through the medium of English. In proof of that contention marks are produced. It is shown that pupils from the grade "A" schools, or what ever they are called—those schools which teach exclusively through the medium of Irish—get higher marks than anybody else. Anybody who comes to study the facts discovers two things, one of which is capable of proof, the other of which is practically incapable of proof but is nevertheless certainly true. The first thing is that there is a bonus given to every child in respect of each question, not because the question is well answered, but because the question is answered through the medium of Irish. In theory, as far as I can find out, if question 1 on the paper is, "Is black white?" and the pupil answers "Sé," he will get 10 per cent. of the marks because he answered the question in Irish.

The Deputy will find that the pupil is entitled to a bonus for doing the paper through the medium of Irish, which the pupil who does the same paper through the medium of English does not get.

Caithfidh sé an freagra ceart do thabhairt.

Are you sure of that? Has he to be correct in his answer? Supposing his answer is 50 per cent. correct, will he not get a bonus on the 50 per cent.? I think he will. Supposing it is 25 per cent. correct, will he get a bonus? Suppose it is proposed only to give 2 per cent. out of 100 for a question, will he not get the bonus? I think he will. Where does the Deputy stop? If he gets 50 per cent. he gives the bonus. Would he give the bonus if he only gets 25 per cent.? Where does the Deputy draw the line? The Deputy should look into that. The second thing is this, and it is much harder of comprehension. When you get a mass of papers set for children and their answers come in, some standard must be struck whereby those papers will be marked. So far as I am aware, the general system is that the standard struck is such a standard as will permit 70 per cent. of the pupils to pass. That is a general average; I do not say that is a rigid rule. That is the kind of point that the examiners aim at in order to fix a standard for any given examination. It might result in practice that 65 per cent. of the pupils will pass or 75 per cent. of the pupils; but the general average aimed at is that 70 per cent. will pass. That is for examination papers done in the vernacular of the children undergoing the examination, so that it is a pretty fair guide. You have an average for the children and you let everybody who gets above that average pass the examination, and only those who grotesquely fail are rejected.

Now you come to the same papers translated into Irish, and the pupils are to answer through the medium of Irish. You take the same papers but you do not translate the standard. You do not mark the Irish papers on the same standard that you mark the papers when in English. You take the Irish papers into another group. You take all the children who did the paper through Irish and fix a standard for them which will allow 70 per cent. of the pupils who have done the paper through Irish to pass. In practice that works out that if only the same standard of accuracy was required of the English-speaking pupils as, in fact, is required of the Irish-speaking pupils, 99 per cent. of the English-speaking pupils would have passed. To put it the other way round, if you ask the same standard of accuracy in the subject in which the examination was made of the Irish-speaking children that you do of the English-speaking children, not 10 per cent. of the Irish-speaking children would pass.

The reason is simple, because the children taught through the medium of Irish find it very difficult to employ the words to express the thoughts. I am afraid that they very frequently find it difficult to understand fully the lessons imparted to them through the medium of Irish. They learn them in a parrot-like way and do not really get the full meaning of the lesson in such a way as makes it possible for them to put it forth again at the time of the examination in their own words. So that you are actually examining pupils in different schools in the same subjects but by entirely different standards and you have those two purely artificial advantages given to the child who answers through the medium of Irish, so entirely distorting the character of the education imparted in two different types of schools.

Is it not a wicked thing that the child whose parents want to make a child an Irish speaker is getting a poorer education, is being beaten down to a lower standard of learning than the child in a school where it may be he does not hear Irish at all, or only in a very cursory way. That sounds like rank heresy to certain Deputies but these are facts. These are facts to which we ought to put an end. So long as there is a cloak thrown over the whole of this business we will never be able to mend the situation. If we could pull the whole thing into the open air, dust it up, and get it working right we would make much more substantial progress.

It is a subject about which I feel very strongly because I am afraid that the general education of our children in secondary schools is sinking lower and lower and lower. The Romance languages are being abandoned; children are not learning the Classics; not 1 per cent. of the scholars going to secondary schools are learning Greek; Latin is gradually disappearing; few, if any, learn German, French or Spanish. It means that they are not getting education in the true sense of the word at all.

All this is being blamed partly, I think, fairly blamed, partly unfairly, on Irish. Surely that cannot serve the cause of the Irish language. There is a simple way out of it all, and I urge it most strongly on the Minister, and that is, to give the commission for which I asked, and to let all who have complaints to make go before it. In the light of that knowledge, either in this House or by the commission, you can evolve a system of education to secure the preservation of the Irish language and, at the same time, to secure a steadily improving standard of education which will equip students for the battle of life.

I desire to call the Minister's attention to the fact that in Drumbane, in my constituency, there is a clamour for a school. I have details of the hardship occasioned to the people of that village by having to send their children a considerable distance to attend a school. I understand the matter has been brought to the attention of the Minister, and that the number of children to be catered for would be about 100. Perhaps, when the Minister is replying he will say if he has received representations from the people of the district as to the need for providing a new school. I hope that the Minister and the Department will give every consideration to the need for a school there. I believe a school is a vital necessity there.

I move to report progress.

Progress reported; the Committee to sit again to-morrow.
The Dáil adjourned at 10.27 p.m. until 3 p.m. on Thursday, April, 1st.
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