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Tuesday, 30 Sep 2014

Written Answers Nos. 185-202

Budget 2015

Questions (185)

Michael McCarthy

Question:

185. Deputy Michael McCarthy asked the Minister for Finance with regard to the forthcoming budget and the outcome of the agri-taxation review if consideration will be given to the introduction of a tax deposit scheme to manage income volatility; and if further consideration will be given to the retention of the pay and file deadline of 31 October for self-assessed income tax returns and the simplification of income tax returns for farmers with a low turnover. [36445/14]

View answer

Written answers

The Deputy will be aware that it is not the practice of the Minister for Finance to comment in advance on matters related to the Budget. However I can advise him that the review to which he refers will be published around Budget Day.

The annual filing date for self-assessed income taxpayers is currently the 31 October. Taxpayers who file their returns and also make their appropriate payments via the Revenue On-Line Service, ROS, receive an extension each year. This year the ROS extended filing date is up to midnight on 13 November 2014.

As regards proposed changes, the Deputy may recall that, following a consultation process, I decided not to introduce any changes to that regime for 2014. The option of bringing the annual Pay and File dates forward remains, in order to provide increased certainty around the annual tax take and forecasting process following the move to an earlier Budget Day. However, given the success of the forecasting process in relation to Budget 2014 and given the concerns expressed by many stakeholders at the potential disruption that could be caused by such a change, I am considering whether it may be feasible to leave the dates unchanged for 2015 also.

Regarding the simplification of income tax returns for farmers with a low income, as I previously informed the House in my reply to Question 35936/14, the simplification agenda for all taxpayers is an issue that the Revenue Commissioners are very strongly committed to. Their strategies involve designing out complexity, providing quality services and minimising compliance costs for all taxpayers. 

In relation to tax returns, there is a suite of simplified paper income tax returns which were introduced by the Commissioners in 2011 specifically as part of a customer service initiative aimed at reducing the administrative burden on any taxpayer whose tax affairs are not overly complex. These returns include a Form 11S, a short income tax return.  It is acknowledged by taxpayers and agents that details required on this form are not overly burdensome and a much smaller number of fields have to be completed than for the full Form 11.

The main criteria used by Revenue to issue the Form 11S to taxpayers are:

- the taxpayer is not a mandatory electronic filer on Revenue's records and is therefore not obliged to file and pay using Revenue's On-Line Service (ROS);

- the previous year's gross turnover returned by the taxpayer is less than €75,000;

- the taxpayer has only declared 1 or 2 trades in the previous year;

- the total of all other income in the previous year is less than €50,000.

Any taxpayer who meets the above criteria is issued with a Form 11S, while those who do not meet the criteria will receive the longer version of the paper return Form 11 or will file electronically, via ROS, Revenue's On-Line Service.

There are significant advantages for a taxpayer in filing their tax return using ROS.  These include:

- relevant information that is available to Revenue is pre-populated on the return;

- the taxpayer has only to input data to the income panels and accounts details relevant to their business and can ignore other non-relevant parts of the return;

- any liabilities in respect of Income Tax, PRSI and USC are automatically calculated within the system;

- an extended return filing date is available.

I am advised by the Commissioners that 87% of all farmers who filed their Form 11 in 2012 did so through the online system, sending a very clear signal that they find the online version very user friendly.  This mirrors the experience of other taxpayers who also use the ROS system extensively to file their returns.  A further 5% of farmers were provided with a simplified return Form 11S for 2012.

I am further advised that the Commissioners have recently been in correspondence with farmers' representatives on the subject of simplified tax returns and they have offered to have further discussions with those representatives, if required.

As previously stated, it appears to me that the Revenue Commissioners have put in place options for those taxpayers, including farmers, whose tax affairs are not overly complex to make it easier for them to file their returns.  In particular, the ROS return has significant advantages for all taxpayers and this is widely acknowledged.  I would strongly encourage taxpayers to file their tax returns through ROS.

Budget 2015

Questions (186)

Michael McCarthy

Question:

186. Deputy Michael McCarthy asked the Minister for Finance with regard to the forthcoming budget and the promotion of on-farm investment, encouraging new entrants, increasing land mobility and tackling volatility if consideration will be given to the retention of the 90% agricultural relief and capital gains tax retirement relief to support the transfer of viable family farms; if further consideration will be given to the relaxation of the CGT retirement relief maximum 15 year leased land requirement in exceptional circumstances; and if consideration will also be given to the introduction of a phased transfer partnership model providing tax relief to farm holders during the period of transfer of farm assets, the extension of the land leasing income tax exemption scheme to include incorporated farm companies and the removal of the requirement for qualifying lessors to be aged over 40 and the retention of stamp duty consanguinity relief for transfers between family members for non-residential transfers. [36446/14]

View answer

Written answers

The matters raised are under consideration in the context of the AgriTaxation Review which I announced in my Budget 2014 speech. The review is be completed shortly and its report is expected to be published around Budget Day. It would not be appropriate for me to comment on the Deputy's questions in advance of the completion of the review.

Economic Data

Questions (187)

Bernard Durkan

Question:

187. Deputy Bernard J. Durkan asked the Minister for Finance the extent to which the fundamental economic indicators remain positive in each of the past five years; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [36484/14]

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Written answers

The economy recorded GDP growth of 0.2 per cent in 2013.  Most recently, first estimates of economic activity for the second quarter 2014 show GDP growing by 1.5 per cent over the quarter and by 7.7 per cent year-on-year in the second quarter.  Taken in conjunction with data for quarter one, GDP grew by 5.8 per cent in the first half of this year.  The increase in economic activity is broadly-based with both domestic sectors and exporting sectors performing strongly.

Key macroeconomic components over the last five years are set out in the following table.

Annual % change

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Real GDP

-6.4

-0.3

2.8

-0.3

0.2

Real GNP

-9.0

1.7

-0.9

2.0

3.3

Private consumption

-5.4

0.9

-1.2

-1.2

-0.8

Government consumption

-3.5

-7.1

-2.1

-2.1

1.4

Investment

-20.5

-18.0

-2.9

5.0

-2.4

Exports

-4.0

6.2

5.5

4.7

1.1

Imports

-9.2

3.0

-0.6

6.9

0.6

Source: Central Statistics Office

Domestic activity contracted sharply following the collapse of the property market, with domestic demand decreasing significantly between 2008 and 2012. This had a severe effect on the labour market with the unemployment rate increasing by around 10 percentage points over this period.

However, recent indications have been that domestic demand is stabilising and is moving on to a modest recovery path. Personal consumption was up by 1.9 per cent in the second quarter of this year (year-on-year) and healthy retail sales so far this year, along with improving consumer sentiment, bode well for the second half of this year. There has also been a return to growth in 'core' (excluding aeroplanes) investment, with both construction and machinery and equipment growing in recent quarters.

Perhaps the most significant development is that employment has now increased in each of the last seven quarters, with employment up 1.7 per cent year-on-year in the second quarter.  Employment has now increased by over 70,000 since the low-point in mid-2012. In line with this, the standardised unemployment rate stood at 11.2 per cent in August, having fallen from a peak of 15.1 per cent in February 2012.  While I would stress that more must be done to tackle the still high level of unemployment, it is clear that we are moving in the right direction.

Quarterly data show that exports rose by 13 per cent in the year to the second quarter of 2014.  This was the fastest rate of expansion since 2001 and there is growing evidence that the impact of the patent expiry issue in the pharmaceutical sector has passed. 

These encouraging macroeconomic data are mirrored in the revenue receipts which are 8.7 per cent higher in the period January to August 2014 than for the same period last year.

Through the fiscal adjustment measures that the Government has implemented since 2011, stability has been restored to the public finances.  Having met and exceeded all of our deficit targets to date, we remain on track to bring our deficit below 3 per cent of GDP in 2015.  In addition, the debt-to-GDP ratio is estimated to have peaked and is now on a firm downward trajectory.

My Department will publish updated macroeconomic forecasts with the Budget next month.  It is expected that the pace of economic growth with accelerate this year. The contribution from domestic demand is expected to strengthen, which is encouraging.  On the assumption of a pick-up in trading partner growth, exports are set to increase once again.

Tax Reliefs Application

Questions (188)

Noel Grealish

Question:

188. Deputy Noel Grealish asked the Minister for Finance his views on introducing tax relief on repayments of approved loan products for students on graduate entry medicine programmes in the State; if legislation will be introduced to provide effect to this tax relief which will retain more GEM graduates here rather than heading overseas after graduation; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [36575/14]

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Written answers

The graduate entry programme provides undergraduate medical education of four years duration and has been developed to produce medical graduates with the ability to successfully undertake an internship and thereafter to gain full registration with the Medical Council. The programme is supported by a combination of student fees, State funding and other income.  

While in this case the fees could be considered high, in the majority of cases where third level tuition fees are payable they are at much lower levels.  In addition, those participating in the programme must already have acquired an undergraduate degree, the fees for which would have been covered by the State in the vast majority of cases.

I would point out that tax relief at the standard rate of 20% is available in respect of qualifying fees paid by an individual for a third level education course, including a postgraduate course.   

Qualifying fees mean tuition fees in respect of an approved course at an approved college and includes what is referred to as the "student contribution".  No other fees e.g. administration fees, examination fees, capitation fees, qualify for tax relief.  Tuition fees that are, or will be, met directly or indirectly by grant, scholarship, employer contribution or other means are deducted in arriving at the net qualifying fees. A claim for relief may be made in respect of a number of students. 

In making a claim for relief for the tax year 2014, the maximum amount of fees that can qualify for the relief is €7,000 per student, but an amount set out in the legislation must be disregarded from each claim (whether in respect of one or more students).  Where a claim for relief includes fees paid on behalf of at least one full-time student, the disregard is €2,750.  Where a claim for relief includes fees solely paid on behalf of a part-time student or part-time students, the amount disregarded is €1,375.  Thus, for example, an individual undertaking a graduate entry medical course on a full-time basis, where tuition fees of €15,000 per student apply, would attract relief of €850 made up as follows:

-

Tuition fees 

€15,000

Capped at  

€7,000

Less 

€2,750

€4,250 @ 20% = €850

It is a long-standing practice of the Minister for Finance not to comment, in advance of the Budget, on any tax matters that might be the subject of Budget decisions. However, as with all tax reliefs, the introduction of tax relief for loans taken out to pursue the graduate entry medical programme will be considered in the context of the forthcoming Budget and Finance Bill and any announcements will be made on Budget Day.

Banking Sector

Questions (189)

Finian McGrath

Question:

189. Deputy Finian McGrath asked the Minister for Finance the reason the Irish Cuba support group will have its banking services terminated at short notice by the Bank of Ireland. [36599/14]

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Written answers

As the Deputy is aware, I have no direct function in the relationship between banks and their customers.  I have no statutory function in relation to banking decisions made by individual lending institutions at any particular time as these decisions are taken by the board and management of the relevant institution. A Relationship Framework has been specified that defines the nature of the relationship between the Minister for Finance and each bank. These Frameworks were published on 30 March 2012 and can be found at: http://banking.finance.gov.ie/presentations-and-latest-documents/.

Notwithstanding this, officials in my Department have referred the issue to Bank of Ireland and have received the following comment in this regard:

"The US Government has a restrictive trade embargo against Cuba. The US legislative and regulatory measures include an embargo on making or receiving payments from Cuba and/or facilitating the making or receiving of payments from Cuba.

Bank of Ireland depends on correspondent banks for the processing of our national, European and international transactions, including our SEPA (Single European Payment Area) transactions. We are reliant on our correspondent banks because they process and facilitate all such transactions on our behalf. The current issue has arisen as a result of the transition to SEPA. As it happens, our principal correspondent bank for SEPA transactions is a leading US bank who must comply with its own regulatory requirements and obligations to avoid a possible exposure to regulatory sanctions and penalties.

As a result, we are not in a position to process such transactions. This affects all international payments to or from Cuba and also any related SEPA payments."

VAT Rate Application

Questions (190)

Jerry Buttimer

Question:

190. Deputy Jerry Buttimer asked the Minister for Finance his plans to change the rate of VAT applicable to herbal remedies and food supplements; if an economic impact assessment of any proposed changes has been carried out; if the impact of such a change on small retailers across the country has been considered; if there has been any consultation in relation to the proposals; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [36649/14]

View answer

Written answers

I am advised by the Revenue Commissioners that the EU VAT Directive (Council Directive 2006/112/EC) generally provides that supplies of goods and services are chargeable to VAT at the standard rate but that lower rates are permitted in very limited circumstances.  Food products can only benefit from the zero rating in accordance with Article 110 of the VAT Directive which permits the retention of the zero rate where the products were liable to VAT at the zero rate on and from 1 January 1991.

A range of food supplements and vitamins that encourage the maintenance of health, through the sustenance derived from a normal, healthy diet, benefit from the zero rate.  However, a food supplement taken for the purposes of muscle growth or body mass increase, or for the purposes of weight reduction or bodily sculpture, cannot benefit from the zero rate.  I would draw the Deputy's attention to Revenue eBrief 70/2011 which contains additional detail in relation to the VAT rates of vitamins and food supplements. 

Tea and preparations derived from tea, when supplied in non-drinkable form, are liable to VAT at the zero rate.  I consider it appropriate that the zero rate should also apply to herbal teas and fruit infusions and I intend to amend the VAT Consolidation Act to this effect.

Banking Sector

Questions (191, 192)

Pearse Doherty

Question:

191. Deputy Pearse Doherty asked the Minister for Finance if any State body or State owned bank is paying for use of a building (details supplied) in Newbridge, County Kildare. [36681/14]

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Pearse Doherty

Question:

192. Deputy Pearse Doherty asked the Minister for Finance the reason a building (details supplied) in County Kildare has not been put up for sale by the liquidators. [36682/14]

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Written answers

I propose to take Questions Nos. 191 and 192 together.

On 16 December 2013, Mr Jim Luby of McStay Luby Chartered Accountants was appointed by the High Court as liquidator of Newbridge Credit Union Limited (in liquidation). 

I have been informed by the Central Bank that Permanent tsb is currently operating out of the premises of Newbridge Credit Union Limited, under licence from the liquidator. The details of the licence are a commercial matter between the liquidator and permanent tsb.

I have further been informed that the liquidator is engaging with a potential purchaser of the Newbridge Credit Union Limited premises. All matters in relation to the sale of the premises will be dealt with by the liquidator.

Tax Yield

Questions (193, 199)

Michael McCarthy

Question:

193. Deputy Michael McCarthy asked the Minister for Finance the amount of moneys accrued to date from the 2009 windfall tax; his assessment on its economic impact; the revenue earned to date in 2014; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [36699/14]

View answer

Michael McGrath

Question:

199. Deputy Michael McGrath asked the Minister for Finance the number of persons who have paid the 80% windfall tax on gains from the disposal of development land; the total yield from the tax to date; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [36945/14]

View answer

Written answers

I propose to take Questions Nos. 193 and 199 together.

I am informed by the Revenue Commissioners that on the basis of Income Tax and Corporation Tax returns for the period 2010-2012 (the latter being the latest tax year for which the necessary information is available), there is no record of any profits or gains to which the windfall tax provisions would apply having been returned.

However, the Commissioners have indicated that the existing database does not include details of capital gains returned via the CG1 tax return, as information from these returns is not readily available for analysis, and, consequently, that if windfall profits have been returned using these returns, it is not possible to identify the relevant details.

There is therefore no reliable basis for providing the information requested by the Deputies.

The windfall gains provisions were introduced primarily to discourage overheating of the property market by way of speculative transactions involving rezoned land rather than as a revenue raising measure. While the property sector has being showing significant signs of improvement in recent times, the windfall tax provisions have largely been in operation at a time of reduced activity in the property sector due to challenging economic and market conditions. The operation of these provisions are, however, being examined (in the same way as other relevant tax provisions) as part of the normal preparations for Budget 2015 and the consequent Finance Bill.

Tax Reliefs Availability

Questions (194)

Michelle Mulherin

Question:

194. Deputy Michelle Mulherin asked the Minister for Finance his plans to introduce tax incentives for persons interested in building their own homes in the forthcoming budget 2015; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [36714/14]

View answer

Written answers

I have no plans to introduce a tax relief for individuals who wish to build their own homes. However, I would draw the Deputy's attention to the availability of the Home Renovation Incentive (HRI) which came into operation on 25 October 2013 and will run until 31 December 2015. 

The incentive provides for tax relief for homeowners by way of a tax credit at 13.5% of qualifying expenditure incurred on repair, renovation or improvement work, carried out by tax compliant contractors, on a homeowner's only or main residence.  The tax credit is granted over the two years following the year the work is carried out and paid for.

As you will appreciate, I receive numerous requests for the introduction of new tax reliefs and the extension of existing ones. You will also appreciate that I must be mindful of the public finances and the many demands on the Exchequer.  Tax reliefs, no matter how worthwhile in themselves, reduce the tax base and make general reform of the tax system that much more difficult.

Tax Reliefs Availability

Questions (195, 203)

Peadar Tóibín

Question:

195. Deputy Peadar Tóibín asked the Minister for Finance if he will provide a list of all tax breaks for persons and corporate entities. [36716/14]

View answer

Peadar Tóibín

Question:

203. Deputy Peadar Tóibín asked the Minister for Finance if he will provide details on every tax relief that is afforded to the citizens of the State; and the annual amount of relief that has been granted for each of the past three years. [36991/14]

View answer

Written answers

I propose to take Questions Nos. 195 and 203 together.

I am advised by the Revenue Commissioners that Income Tax and Corporation Tax allowances, reliefs, exemptions and tax credits, for which estimated costs are currently available, are shown in Table IT6 on the Revenue Statistical Report, accessible on the Revenue website www.revenue.ie. The information is located under the "Income Tax" chapter and the most recent Report (the 2012 Revenue Statistical Report) shows the information for the years 2010 and 2011, which are the most recent years for which the necessary detailed historical information is available. Updates will be published in due course.

There are other reliefs, not included in Table IT6, for which estimates of costs are not readily available. I will arrange for a list of these reliefs to be provided to the Deputy as soon as practicable.

Tax Reliefs Availability

Questions (196)

Bernard Durkan

Question:

196. Deputy Bernard J. Durkan asked the Minister for Finance the tax reliefs available for a de facto family with one child in full-time education; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [36821/14]

View answer

Written answers

Aside from the personal tax credits and reliefs available to all taxpayers, depending on their circumstances, I assume the question relates specifically to tax relief for tuition fees available in respect of a child attending full time third level education. 

Section 473A of the Taxes Consolidation Act 1997 provides for tax relief at the standard rate of income tax (20%) in respect of qualifying fees paid by an individual for a third level education course, subject to the terms and conditions set out in that section.  Qualifying fees mean tuition fees in respect of an approved course at an approved college and includes what is referred to as the "student contribution".  Full details of the relief, including the terms and conditions that apply, are set out in Revenue Leaflet IT 31 which is available on the Revenue website www.revenue.ie.

Tax Rebates

Questions (197)

Jack Wall

Question:

197. Deputy Jack Wall asked the Minister for Finance if a person (details supplied) in County Kildare is due a refund due to unemployment; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [36849/14]

View answer

Written answers

I have been advised by the Revenue Commissioners that the refund claimed by the person concerned was processed on the 5 September 2014 and a refund of €227.21 was credited to her bank account on 10 September 2014.  A letter was sent to the person concerned on the 5 September 2014 which included details of the refund due.   

The letter of 18 September 2014 was an advice that all tax and USC deducted to date in 2014 had been refunded.

Property Tax Application

Questions (198, 201)

John Browne

Question:

198. Deputy John Browne asked the Minister for Finance if section 97(2) of the Taxes Consolidation Act 1997, where it refers to services rendered to a tenant, should apply in the case of local property tax and any other local charges which may be introduced in the future, as such services are for the benefit of tenants and not landlords; the difference between local property tax and payment of local authority rates in the same section of the Act, particularly as local authorities now have the power to vary the local property tax rate; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [36893/14]

View answer

Brian Walsh

Question:

201. Deputy Brian Walsh asked the Minister for Finance his plans to implement a recommendation of the Thornhill report that the local property tax should be a deductible expense in calculating a landlord’s taxable rental income; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [36952/14]

View answer

Written answers

I propose to take Questions Nos. 198 and 201 together.

I am advised by the Revenue Commissioners that section 97(2) of the Taxes Consolidation Act 1997 specifies the expenses that a landlord is entitled to deduct from gross rent in computing rental profits for tax purposes. Paragraph (c) of subsection (2), which refers to services rendered, reads as follows:

"(c) the cost to the person chargeable of any services rendered or goods provided by such person, otherwise than as maintenance or repairs, being services or goods which-

(i) in the case of a rent under a lease, such person is legally bound under the lease to render or provide but in respect of which such person receives no separate consideration, and

(ii) in any other case, relate to and constitute an expense of the transaction or transactions under which the rents or receipts were received, not being an expense of a capital nature;".

As the payment of Local Property Tax (LPT) under the Finance (Local Property Tax) Act 2012 (as amended) by the "person chargeable", i.e. the landlord, is not a service rendered by that person, a deduction for LPT is not allowable under section 97(2)(c). In the context of property rental, examples of such services would include garden maintenance, laundry or house cleaning. While it is not possible to be definitive as regards local charges which might apply in the future, it is difficult to envisage that their treatment under section 97(2)(c) would be any different to the treatment which applies to LPT under that provision.

I am also advised that LPT is an annual self-assessed tax on residential properties in the State and is administered by the Revenue Commissioners in accordance with the Finance (Local Property Tax) Act 2012 (as amended) and that the reference to local authority rates in section 97(2) is, following the removal of rates on domestic property in the late 1970's, a reference only to rates on commercial property payable to local authorities in accordance with the relevant local government legislation. Notwithstanding that local authorities can, with effect from 2015, vary the rate of LPT in accordance with section 20 of the LPT legislation, LPT is not a rate levied by a local authority and is, therefore, not deductible from gross rents under section 97(2).

As regards the recommendation of the Thornhill Report that the local property tax should be a deductible expense in calculating a landlord's taxable rental income, the Government has agreed in principle to accept this recommendation. The Thornhill group recognised the considerable pressures on the public finances and the need to bridge the gap between expenditure and revenue, and, for this reason, suggested that consideration be given to phasing in deductibility over a period of years. The Thornhill group also considered that it was for Government, having regard to the prevailing budgetary situation, to decide on the time span for phasing-in deductibility and on what percentage of LPT to allow as a deduction from gross rents for tax purposes.

As the Deputy will appreciate, it would not be appropriate for me to comment on matters that may or may not feature in the Budget.

Question No. 199 answered with Question No. 193.

VAT Rate Increases

Questions (200)

Michael McGrath

Question:

200. Deputy Michael McGrath asked the Minister for Finance the partial and full-year cost to the Exchequer of raising the VAT registration threshold for small and medium enterprises with low turnover from €70,000 to €100,000, €150,000, €200,000 and €250,000, respectively; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [36946/14]

View answer

Written answers

It is assumed that the Deputy is referring to the VAT registration threshold for goods, which is currently €75,000. On this basis, I am informed by the Revenue Commissioners that it is tentatively estimated that the full year cost to the Exchequer of raising the threshold is as set out in the following table.

Change in Threshold

Estimate Cost Range

75,000 to 100,000

€80m - €110m

75,000 to 150,000

€310m - €430m

75,000 to 200,000

€635m - €880m

75,000 to 250,000

€1,050m - €1,450m

I would point out however, that any increase in the thresholds above the level of inflation would require a derogation from EU VAT law and agreement by all 28 Member States before it could be introduced.

Question No. 201 answered with Question No. 198.

Insurance Costs

Questions (202)

Terence Flanagan

Question:

202. Deputy Terence Flanagan asked the Minister for Finance his views on a matter (details supplied) regarding insurance costs; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [36972/14]

View answer

Written answers

In my role as Minister for Finance I have responsibility for the development of the legal framework governing financial regulation. Neither I nor the Central Bank of Ireland, as regulator, interfere in the pricing of insurance products.  The provision of insurance cover and the price at which it is offered is a commercial matter for insurance companies and is based on an assessment of the risks they are accepting and adequate provisioning to meet these risks. 

The EU framework for insurance expressly prohibits Member States adopting rules which require the prior approval or systematic notification of certain matters, including general and special policy conditions and scales of premiums. Furthermore, in the context of non-life insurance, which includes public indemnity insurance, the EU framework provides non-life insurers with the freedom to set premiums.  This has been acknowledged by the European Court of Justice. 

The Central Bank does not regulate premiums in the insurance market. Insurance companies consider a number of risks when determining the premium for a proposed insurance policy, whether that is a general insurance policy such as motor or home insurance, or a life assurance policy. A premium is based on the actuarial calculation of risk.

Consumers are encouraged to shop around at the time of insurance renewal. The National Consumer Agency has information which may assist a consumer to shop around it can be found at http://www.consumerhelp.ie/getting-insurance-quotes#Shopping.

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