The initial ban on the marketing, sale and distribution of bituminous fuel (or ‘smoky coal ban’ as it is commonly known) proved very effective in reducing particulate matter and sulphur dioxide levels in Dublin. As well as bringing air quality levels into compliance with the then EU standards, the ban also had the effect of significantly improving human health in the capital: research indicates that the ban in Dublin has resulted in over 350 fewer annual deaths. The ban was subsequently extended to other urban areas.
In August 2012, following a public consultation process, new solid fuel regulations were introduced with the aim of ensuring that the smoky coal ban remained fit for purpose in safeguarding air quality by limiting harmful emissions of air pollutants arising from the use of certain residential solid fuels. The ban now applies in 26 urban areas nationwide, including all towns with a population greater than 15,000 people, bringing the ban areas broadly into line with national EPA air quality management zones.
Peat briquettes are not covered by the solid fuel smoke emission standard set in national regulations since 1990, which are primarily concerned with bituminous (‘smoky’) coal and products containing bituminous coal.
Under the auspices of the North South Ministerial Council, and in conjunction with the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland, a study has been commissioned to inform a discussion on policy options to further address emissions from residential solid fuel use on an all-island basis. The study includes-
- an assessment of the solid fuel market and barriers to the use of cleaner fuels;
- consideration of the role and impacts of biomass (primarily wood and wood-based products) and the links to climate policy;
- an economic analysis addressing the potential positive and negative effects on the consumer, for example, resulting from potential fuel switching;
- assessment of the health impact of air pollution in general and specifically from residential solid fuel emissions;
- evaluation of smoke control legislation and enforcement; and
- consideration of the issue of fuel poverty.
A final report is expected to be presented to the North South Ministerial Council later this year. It should be noted that no decision has been made at this point regarding any extension of the ‘smoky coal’ ban to other products.