This parliamentary question relates to an operational issue for the HSE and we are mindful when responding to queries relating to cyber defences that we don't inadvertently create further risks by stating what is or is not in place at any point in time. We can report however that, with the support of the National Cyber Security Center, companies such as Fireye, Mantiant, and other specialist organisations that deal with Ransomware attacks all over the world, were immediately engaged by the HSE to (a) deal with the immediate attack and (b) advise on what further measures were required to protect the HSE estate. Many of the external resources required to deal with the immediate threat have now been scaled back as the HSE took operational responsibility for recovery of systems and we await details on final costs.