The terms of career break schemes for members of the Permanent Defence Force were agreed with both RACO and PDFORRA under the provisions of the conciliation and arbitration scheme for the Permanent Defence Force. These are broadly similar to those which apply to the public service as a whole. However, in the case of PDF personnel, the maximum duration of a career break is three years rather than five years. Such a term is considered to be the longest after which personnel could return to PDF service with a realistic hope of promotion and advancement, given the loss of seniority and service experience associated with a lengthy break in service. Furthermore, as it is necessary to realise a return on the investment in service training and military education, it is only in exceptional circumstances that career breaks are granted to PDF personnel who have completed less than 12 years' service in the case of officers, six years' service in the case of general service enlisted personnel and nine years' service in the case of technicians trained at the Army and Air Corps Apprentice Schools.