I thank the Minister for coming into the House this evening. The Minister will be well aware of the United Nations Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons Convention of 1972, of which we were early signatories. Many countries were enthusiastic about signing it and the convention was ratified in 1975. This convention was designed to curtail and eliminate the proliferation of bacteriological weapons.
One problem with the original convention was the absence of a verification protocol. In other words, there was no method to ensure that the countries who said they had no such weapons were telling the truth. Ireland has been an enthusiastic supporter of an ad hoc group established in the early 1990s to introduce a verification protocol.
I addressed the House on an Adjournment debate matter regarding this issue. The fifth review of the convention is due in November and December and I expressed the hope that we could use our pressure within the group to have a verification protocol introduced. Matters appeared to be progressing well but unfortunately, on 25 July, the US pulled out of the ad hoc group, for reasons that can only be described as bizarre. In his address to the group Ambassador Donald Mahley said that the US had decided it was not in its interest to continue with the negotiations. This was an extraordinary development after six and a half years of negotiations. It is even more extraordinary when the US Government must have known that without unanimity the group could not proceed. In view of Ambassador Mahley's speech one would have to conclude that pressure had been put on the US Government by the pharmaceutical and biotechnological drug companies because they are very much involved in the production of these products.
The ad hoc group collapsed and the US said it would consider matters but it made no concrete proposals. Ambassador Mahley's speech was extraordinary in a number of respects. One of the most bizarre was the proposal that we should work towards better protection against disease, for example, better vaccines and so on. That is very well for the sophisticated nations but how can it be applied to the developing countries?
We know that the US and Russia are working on genetically modified bacteria so that while we may have vaccines for common bacteria we will not have them for, say, genetically modified anthrax. It takes approximately 18 months to vaccinate people against anthrax, yet in one night enough anthrax could be sprinkled over a city from a glider – not even an airplane would be necessary – to kill hundreds of thousands of people within a very short period of time.
Ireland leads the UN Security Council at present. At least three members – the US, Russia and China – have biological weapons and between 12 and 20 countries are reckoned to have them. Unfortunately, some have been acquired by their erstwhile allies in the US, Russia or China. Perhaps the tragedy on 11 September will have modified the US view on this because everybody now appears to be terrified of biological weapons. They have the potential to do terrible damage.
I wish people would stop talking about rogue states because the stealing of these weapons from the major states is far more likely to get us into trouble. In 1996, Larry Wayne Harris, a microbiologist, stole bubonic plague from one of the laboratories in the US to show how easily this could happen. He produced his evidence to the CIA and got an 18 months suspended sentence for his troubles. We know there are considerable problems in Russia regarding the payment of state employees and the possibility of theft from such institutions would have to be considered likely. We know that nuclear weapons, including warheads, have been stolen and acquired by the Bur mese military junta. They have been sold by the Russian Mafia in exchange for drugs. It is much easier to steal and sell something like bubonic plague, anthrax and smallpox.
I ask the Minister to use our position to request the US to return to this ad hoc group and to try to push forward the protocol verification. It is essential because this issue concerns genocide and human rights. The Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons Convention is not a trade agreement; it is not for pharmaceutical and biotechnological companies to interfere in it. This is a human rights issue and I ask the Minister for Foreign Affairs to make a commitment to promote it within the UN Security Council.